Aristotle Politics Study Guide

William Allan Kritsonis, PhD and David Palmer – PVAMU – The System of Texas A & M University

DOCTORAL FORUM

National publication magazines and mentoring doctoral research

Volume 6 Number 1, 2009

Do not forget: the discovery of Ayn Rand, The Virtue of Selfishness (1964)

David Mr. Palmer

Doctoral student in educational leadership

R. Whitlow College Green Education

Prairie View A & M University

Prairie View, Texas

Administrative Assistant

Higher College of Business Engineering and Research

William Allan Kritsonis, PhD

Professor and faculty mentor

Program Doctorate in Educational Leadership

R. Whitlow College Green Education

Prairie View A & M University

Prairie View, Texas

System Member Texas A & M University

Visiting Professor (2005)

Oxford Roundtable

University Oxford, Oxford, England

Distinguished Alumnus (2004)

Central Washington University

Faculty of Education and Professional Studies

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ABSTRACT

In Ayn Rand The Virtue of Selfishness (1964), there is a compelling vision in his mind considerably and philosophical assumptions about morality, rationality, life, values, ethics, ideology and fortified in objectivism. understand Rand's epistemology, metaphysics and psychological ill persons can be understood when compared with modern philosophy, but the prepositions are interesting. The immensity of philosophy, there is to know through the realms of meaning. Knowledge is fundamentally objective and balanced, it can withstand the test of time.

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Introduction

All acts of service of pure desire to know, think, think, reason, or to words or symbols. In this case, to formulate a "theory" is void of ambiguity, complexity skewed holes, loose ends, and the outstanding issues and be able to resist its background investigation. This article attempts to present a reasonable view of analysis of morality, rationality, courage, life ethics and objectivity presented by Ayn Rand Virtue of Selfishness (1964). An example of epistemology and metaphysics, to understand, support and justify their arguments and is intended to shake the mindset.

Purpose of article

  The aim of this work Ayn Rand is to analyze the ideology on ethics, rationality, courage, life ethics and the objectivity of his book: The Virtues of Selfishness (1964). The article provides serene balance views that emphasize the philosophies expressed in their arguments, while encouraging critical thinking and intellectual independence so that both are considered a gold mine for ideas rather than sound doctrine.

Epistemological and metaphysical reasoning

  Given the epistemological standpoint Rand includes convictions – that human beings are capable of knowing reality and that knowledge is simply the correct recognition of facts – to suggest that the ranks of these two pieces of arguments are mixed with the consciousness knows that there are similar but not comes to you. It may well be that this is appropriate because of epistemological considerations will not be possible independence that is metaphysically correct. Because the arguments at issue here are different, and the questions that are set a little complex, the process of knowledge should lead to the objectivity of judgments and, therefore, but there must be a fact. The level of objectivity is the forward momentum of the pure firm belief in us. When there is a knowledge process is not the beginning and end. Of cognition in understanding confirmation that you are deep sense of well always count often exceeds the sum of experiences that help you do that you are. Ayn Rand ardent fans disagree with me here. The metaphysical argument is to show that the recovery really depends on the survival of life as impermanent. Because of this dependence, only living beings who are faced with the choice of extinction. Let me say that although the goals may be means to an end, it is logically impossible that all the objectives to the media to an end. It should be a goal that is an end in itself, of being sued himself instead of what others can thesake contribute. This objective and accurate for any organization is its own life, protected and sustained actions of the organization to the extent that these actions are effective. And because it is an ultimate goal, which sets the standard by which all other objectives must be evaluated. Here Rand (1964), the states rarely objectivist epistemology reasonable and credible promise that a careful analysis will show the truth of any moral and fair proposal. Paraphrasing, Rand (1964) summarized that the metaphysical of ethics is to find explicitly whether moral values are eternal truths that exist in a realm of human conventions and mind, or simply. Here, understanding psychological Rand people could be misinterpreted as compared with modern philosophy, as also considers ethics as "the province of irrational "(Rand, 1964, p 28). knowledge of the rational mind of man when he is wrong if other moral values are actually spirit eternal truths are in a similar field. Among the many salient points raised by the claim that the obligation Rand Morality is hypothetical. Rand assert the impossibility sound moral judgments, which shows a tendency toward rationalism which I think is useful in the impact on people to think about who they are and the power to do the right thing even if it comes out strongly in his epistemology.

Morality

Rand (1964) the fundamental law of morality is that one is never justified in starting the use of force against others. Morality is a value system to direct elections and human relationships that determine the logic and the course of his life. moral duty arises when the goods of others, that may or may not overlap property on their own, are concerned. moral duty is to respect the autonomy of others, which means allowing free exercise of the innocent, will be responsible for others about their own interests. Although some academics skeptical and think that is the virtue of selfishness Rand (1964) not meet to many important questions of life, it really is. Example: What is the proper moral judgments? Morality is a code values that tells a man how he should act to protect and promote life. Since morality is an important moral value of having a life or death. renowned philosophers I think, agree. Aristotle (384-322 BC) emphasized the role of habit in conduct. It is commonly believed that the virtues, as proposed by Aristotle, are habits and the good life is a life of blind routine. Virtue is manifested in action. According to Aristotle, is considered a righteous action when one is in a equilibrium steady mind to choose the action knowingly and for himself. This stable equilibrium of the soul is what constitutes a character (Sachs, 2006).

For Aristotle, moral virtue is the only practical way of effective action. What a person of good character with a desire to love right and think like an end to right reason should be perceived as beautiful. The truly virtuous person sees and judges rightly. Of the beautiful things that look like they really are as a person of good character. Only in the middle between habits of the principles of action and action that the soul can afford the right desire and right reason to emerge as the direct and natural response of a free human being the beautiful sight. Morality, as defined by their conscience and intellectual honesty, the balance of this argument entirely, but simply put Rand and skill in another way: "The achievements of the productive man is his noblest activity and reason his only absolute" (Rand, 1964, p. 27). Ethics must be a reasonable act, in accordance with virtue is beautiful – is a process, from youth to adulthood that reforms based character who can learn the practical virtue.

Values and life

  Epistemology, the notion of value is genetically dependent and is derived from the notion of precursor for life. To speak of value, other than life is worse than a contradiction in terms. It is only the concept of life that makes possible the concept of value. The final value is the ultimate objective or goal to which all targets are less resources and sets the standard by which all lesser goals are evaluated. The life of an organism is the measure of value, which favors their existence is good, endangering wrong.

With a goal final or final, you have goals or means: a series of ways to go in an endless sequence of a surreal final possibility is a metaphysical and epistemological. Only final goal, an end in itself that makes the existence of possible values. Metaphysically, the life is the only phenomenon that is an end in itself: value gained and maintained by a constant process of action, an argument also implies, it may be ambiguous Rand ideology.

Rand (1964) considered which is the specificity or the identity of a living being determined ends or values are good for her. "What is necessary for the survival of man as Man is the standard value for a human being "(Rand, 1964, p. 26). This is the standard that determines what is good or bad for a human being. This is necessary for their survival is determined by its nature is not open to choice. What is open to your choice is only if you discover if you choose the right targets and values or not. Own values or ends that a human being are not open to choice. This is another highlight and the dynamics of the election and value are easily distorted.

I do not think it says that the election will determine the final and the standard by which decisions are judged. Neither she said that this election is the cause of the supreme value of life at all, but rather to achieve and maintain a conceptual orientation to the world, that life is man's own is achieved.

Rand develops his case that human life is normatively pregnant, so to speak, which means it is connected, from start to finish, with normal size. Rand maintains the concept of value is closely linked to the concept of life, so when something is a living being can not escape some considerations regulations in such a being. In the life of human beings of this normative component and became a matter of ethics or morals and that is not only possible to examine whether a man is doing right or wrong, but if it is acting responsibly by making good or bad.

The issues of life and the value of rationality, Rand believes everyone should always do everything that is precious to him and promoting his own life and can live if it is rational which means everyone has to be quite rational. It is agent relationship. – It is possible that some things are just good, but some things can be good for you but not for me. ethics based on the relative position Rand agents, and claims the search of truth philosophical arguments to support it. Rand is often said that many people seek to self-ruin. Obviously. Explained the reason is our basic tool of survival. I totally agree with this point, the lack of reason is part of self-destruction, because it serves lacks confidence, knowledge, respect and objectivity in general.

Self-esteem is a necessary component of a true Objectivist. According to Campbell and

Fodis (2003), there is a deeper understanding of self-esteem that comes to objectivism. Real self-esteem has two dimensions of self-evaluation: one is competent to solve the key issues of life (self-efficacy) and an assessment that we are worthy of happiness (self). Fodis Campbell (2003) has rejected suggestions by some philosophers of modern times that the same criminals have a high self-esteem. Continuing his argument Fodis Campbell and believe that the rules for adults include self-esteem, thinking self-reflective and independent. This means we have to take responsibility for their thoughts, beliefs, values and actions. We must achieve the goals of life and adherence moral values based on reason. These are some of the arguments and opinions to ensure the credibility of Rand's views.

Rationality

  "The Reason" and "man as man" is Rand (1964, p. 25-27) words punch. It gives a very strict criteria and agreed to its applicability. So, suppose someone tries to argue that the theory of the Rand would be morally acceptable to steal people, whenever he could get away with it. One could argue that it is of interest, since it is always a risk you may be trapped, and not worth it. This could take, because we do not know how to calculate this risk, so no one can really refute this claim.

Clearly, Rand says that in reality is something that is by its very nature an end in itself, a final value, and that's life. It's the only thing that is an end

itself or the final value. Life is purpose or value that makes all other goals or values. It is the ultimate objective of the actions of a living being. In addition, due to "life" not exist in the abstract, this means that for any living being, his life is the ultimate goal or value of its shares.

Rand does not contend that the existence of life as the final final goal, or value depends on the choice. Life is not valued because we choose, but for what it is – life is metaphysically … an end in itself: value gained and maintained by a constant process of action.

Concluding remarks

In conclusion, the philosophy of Rand serious lending credence to the seriousness of the power of his system and the role of philosophy in the good life. His emphasis on reason and independence that put the pious and moral relativism forward many that lasted throughout the day. Ayn Rand's philosophy of objectivism consists of statements asserting their strong beliefs. In fact, there may be a hundred per cent in all social systems objectivism, landscapes and political cultures, because diversity is necessary for balance and sustainability.

As the world changes, the philosophy of Ayn Rand came through the old paradigms and new year and propose innovative solutions and help the man can not find a reason to continue their own happiness. Exhumation is expected to Rand - The Virtue of Selfishness, stressing its philosophy.

The study by Rand and her book will help leaders to consider their own personal life philosophy of life, ethics, values and morals. It is important take into account different philosophical views. It is important that people use cognitive processing and not allow others to convince them of falsehood. Rand believe in the selfishness altruism, but because in a sense that happiness is really left to itself and can not be left to others to produce.

Epistemological point of view Randian, you understand that man is capable of achieving an objective understanding of what exists convincing. Rand explains that to live, men must be able to have three values – reason, purpose and self-esteem. These securities involve all the virtues necessary for the life of a man. Rationality, the principal advantage is the recognition of objective reality, commitment their awareness and acceptance of reason as the sole judge of a man of values and knowledge and guide to action. Equity is the expression of rationality men in their relationships with men and involves research and the granting of stock. Self-help, friendship and high moral estimated taxes are due and must be earned. Satisfaction, the total of the above virtues can be considered moral ambition.

detailed treatment of the ideas of Rand and philosophical paradigms – Strengths selfishness is powerful. Axiomatic concepts, it's fantastic, exciting and intellectually stimulating. It offers a clear perspective for those looking to be mined open and objective.

References

1. Campbell, R., and Foddis, W. (2003). High self-esteem is bad for you? Retrieved 12 February 2009, the Objectivist Center Web site: www.objectivistcenter.org

Kritsonis, W. (2007). Ways of knowing through the realms of meaning. Houston, TX

National Press Forum.

Rand, A. (1964). The virtues of selfishness. New York: Signet.

Sachs, J. (2006). Aristotle's Ethics. Retrieved February 12, 2009, in The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy website: http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aris-eth.htm

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