Financial situation of the rural population

ABOUT-tribal?

The word "tribe" or adivasi brings to mind an image of men half-naked women, with arrows and spears in their hands, feathers on the head, and speaking an unintelligible language, their lives often combined with myths of savagery and cannibalism. Without But anyone who visited a tribal village will be surprised and delighted to see a community living close to nature, love, peace, equitable and cultural progress social forms. Our knowledge of the tribal people is very limited, which leads us to believe many myths price of their dignity. While most communities in the world has changed his lifestyle, in competition with other developed and materialistic instincts to follow the pace of "progress" of the world, there were communities that still live according to their traditional values, customs and beliefs. The mentality of the exploitation of society in general, often away from the communities in forests and high mountain, where they could continue to live in peace with nature and clean environment. As communities of so-called civilized society could not be dominant understand the values and ideals of these communities, nor had the patience to understand their lifestyle, the public world that mark variously as indigenous people uncivilized, Aboriginal peoples, the Adivasis, tribals, indigenous people, etc. In India, especially return, the adivasis Girijans /. Despite treatment cruel by the "civilized" men and socio-economic hazards faced by these communities throughout the world, the tribes still living in the continents of Africa, Asia, North America and South America and Australia.

The nomenclature of imperial India, 1911, defines a tribe as a whole "of the families carrying a common name, speaking a common dialect, occupation, or profess to occupy a common territory and usually not even originally innate

then . Another definition of a tribe by DN Majumdar is that "a tribe is a group of families and a group of families in a common name, whose members occupy the same territory, speak the same language and observe certain taboos regarding marriage,

profession or occupation and have developed a system of carefully evaluated and reciprocity

reciprocal obligations. "

Then rural tribes to manage their savings? Can rural tribes know about the pattern?

These issues have attracted the attention of people who are trying to conceive microfinance products for the tribes. In the past, the tribes have always been approached from the supply side through "Finance schematic" We have now reached a stage where we need to understand the patient's financial situation, flows financial savings and their attributes in terms of security, liquidity and risk-return ratio preferred by the rural tribes. We know that not only well done but tribes of income and expenditure patterns have changed and products that deal with these ups and downs in financial flows. The aim of this study was to understand the financial flows of rural tribes so that a better design of savings and loan products in the field of microfinance can be planned.To differences between inputs and outputs, intermediaries need the poor to the institutions that help manage the flow. In all

over all the peoples of the private lender performs that function to fill the gaps. The debate between private donors and the tribes are common points in the local economy.

. The lender provides access to credit, and there are arguments that the image of the usurer is unnecessarily blurred in the literature (Shamal and Sharma, 2003) There are arguments against it if this is the development action undertaken [Chavan, 2003]. There are arguments that, because of the traditional relations of trust, it is almost impossible to replace the shark, but possible to redefine the relationship, offering formal atmosphere of competition [Sriram 2002]. Researchers will focus on the poor in general, but this paper focused on the poor tribes.

What is important understand the roles of each actor to provide funding to tribes and how they manage more money.The poverty measure used is based on income or consumption levels. People are treated as if their consumption of LPG

their income is less than the minimum necessary to meet basic needs and desires. This level is defined as "the poverty line." This definition differs from place to place time and time .. Each country uses a definition according to their level of development, standards and social values in our country, the Planning Commission estimates that the percentage and number of poor separately for rural and urban areas at national and state based on the recommendations of the committee members .. Members of the committee has defined the poverty line, the cost of a basket of all India, the average consumption that standards are met Indonesian Government calories [2002]. The standards were 2,400 calories per capita per day

for rural areas and 2100 calories for urban areas. These standards are calories in monetary terms than Rs 56.64 and Rs 49.09 per capita per month for rural and urban areas, respectively, at prices 1973-74. These figures were updated with new consumer price index (CPI) in 1994-95. The updated figures are Rs 228 and Rs 305 per capita per month for rural areas and urban areas respectively Pradhan [and Subramanian 2001, G1993) ..

India has the largest concentration of tribal peoples in the world. The tribes are the children of nature and their lifestyle is conditioned by the eco-system. due to its diverse ecosystems of India has a variety tribal. Tribes constitute 8.14% of total population the country, numbering 84.51 million (2001 Census). There are 697 tribes notified by the Central Government under Article 342 of the Constitution of India with certain tribes reported in more than one State. More than half of the scheduled tribe population is concentrated in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Jharkhand and Gujarat while in Haryana, Punjab, Delhi, Chandigarh and Pondicherry community has not been notified as a scheduled tribe.

According to the 2001 census, there were 3.21 lakhs Tribes in the state of Kerala for tribal people in Kerala is 2   of the total population of the state. The literacy rate

mission status   STS was 57.22 in 1991 against the overall literacy rate  89.81. Higher

Part of the mission STS are visible in the districts of Wayanad, Palakkad and Idukky. Poverty

T ratio estimated that the family of 31 .. 03 ..  1998 was 35.89. That was 48.47  

Study by the State in 1992.   Nearly 23 tribal families live in the forest

areas. There are 35 tribal communities in the state. These Paniyar (about   20) constitutes the majority. The Adiya Paniya and communities in Wayanad district are

back and most of the landless workers. There are five primitive tribal

Groups (GTP) to know., Kattunaikan, Cholanaikan, Koragas, Kadar and Kurumba. These

398 groups are the communities most vulnerable among the tribes and all below the poverty line. They constitute 5   of the total population of the state's tribes. According to the survey conducted in 1996-97, the population consisted GTP 16 678 families in 4406. . They belong to 35 different communities, including primitive tribal groups as Cholanaikan, Kattunaikans, Kurumba, Kadar and Koragas. They are about 4.8% of the scheduled tribe population. There are 69 444 households in the state S & T, while in 1981 was only 52 421. The current number ST households is estimated at about 84,000. The indigenous population is even more unequal distribution of districts. Among the Wayanad district has the largest population   nearly 36 tribal tribal. Palakkad Idukky  account for the remaining 26. The lowest representation of tribal population is in Alappuzha district

This article seeks to understand and map financial flows of the tribes and how to manage their money at their disposal? The document is divided into five sections. Section II reviews the literature. Section III has the location, methodology, sample size, design and questionnaire administration. Section IV contains the conclusions of the study. We conclude Section V - discuss issues to be addressed on a larger scale and also how this study can be taken before, while recognizing the limitations of this study.

Literature Review

Governments and financial intermediaries play a key role in the increase of the tribes in our state country.The involved in this segment to solve problems

unequal time to time. Not only institutional mechanisms are created, but has also been targeted programs tribes that help to eliminate poverty and economic progress. However, most efforts have focused on supply and credit focused on and not the needs of poor economies. Microfinance institutions (MFIs) have

Financial situation of the tribes A study in the Wayanad District

A study in the village in the Wayanad district of Kerala have tried to describe the financial situation of the tribes and the funds flow indicated that the overall profile of active income economies of the tribes was not alarming. However, most liquid assets and savings, forcing the poor to borrow at a high cost. The study reveals the failure of financial institutions to enter the market for savings and loans. It also confirms previous findings that the health-related costs are a major causes of indebtedness among the tribes

Even financial services are not reliable and widely available to make loans by MFIs is listed in the "Grameen" type with little flexibility and the support group

type with greater flexibility, signed by (Smita Parh and MS Sriram 2006) and went issues flow.The them financial loans available in the formal sector do not meet the needs of poor.Therefore, there is always a gap between the needs of poor and Offers [Fisher and Sriram 2002]. They need the money in pieces and find ways

to meet these needs is a challenge. By saving is that the option of not consuming in cash. It is a fundamental and essential first step in managing money. We consider issues related to savings and credit that to understand

needs of the poor Rutherford [2002]. Some recent studies on financial flows of the poor. The MicroSave-Africa has made a series of studies

supply kits financial tools for bankers and others. These studies recognize the growing interest by the introduction of savings products IMF. The MicroSave and the Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest (CGAP) have collaborated to study the dynamics of institutional relations

change in processing a microfinance institution MFI [Wright, Christian and Martin, 2000]. They studied the Association for Social Advancement (ASA), which is an important model for microcredit institutions provided bring economies products.The ASA is a microfinance institution working in the lending and recovery based on the Grameen methodology. Rutherford (2000) argues that the best way to describe the product is to ask people their own preferences, because they are the best judges.

. Ruthven and Kumar (2002) argue that the success of lenders, deposit collectors, pawn reaching people where others fail, is to provide instant lump sums without safety devices and regular savings to a small enough scale. There are many tricks that formal institutions to learn from the players if they want to expand their base informal clients to reach the poor. Saving, Wright (1999) argues that in many cases, the poor are liquidity preference "What is a

mechanism pledged savings, which prohibits them off in response to trivial needs and allows them to escape the parents' request for loans or assistance. Also was found that the poor give importance to security and liquidity

aspect of the savings and do not seek significant returns.Rutherford (2002) made a study of a year using financial newspapers to understand the financial flows of 42 families from Bangladesh on low incomes. The study found that better management of the MFI considered "Trust" between formal and informal providers of the factors associated with poor financial services are very different from the factors associated with

to escape poverty. Therefore, state programs needed to obtain the correct orientation [Krishna 2003]. A study in 12 villages of Rajasthan found that diversification of income sources, irrigation and information on the various possibilities have been key to overcoming poverty. Social factors to pull them into the trap of poverty are largely beyond their control. Even programs State

to reduce poverty have not been able to neutralize the negative effects of these social factors. Several times using State could not run the base. However, Krishna (2003) argued that public support for reducing Poverty

schemes had a positive effect by increasing poverty bearable. A similar study in Gujarat has shown a different image. Gujarat is economically viable and more industrialized, we expected a priori that the reduction of poverty Rajasthan [Krishna et al, 2003]. The authors argued that the fall in poverty not is just the opposite of escaping poverty, but more than that. There is clearly a learned considerable interest in reviewing the financial flows of the poor. Our study is different from what we've reviewed. It focuses on the areas known as the back. The aim of our study is twofold.

1 To understand the financial flows of the tribes through the empirical analysis.

2 To study the habits of saving and credit behavior ..

Methodology

A questionnaire was designed to collect data on various parameters. The use design ensures that important events of the last decade as a marker time to gather financial data on how these events were handled. We also had the purchase and sale of assets and more

markers. These helped us to engage financial flows – savings, loans (both formal and informal) with the ups and downs of a family, and triangulation of data debt.

selection Sample: choice of the area and people: This study focused on defined as tribal families. All families in the "below the poverty line (BPL) of the population fell into the category of our discussion. It is not our intention to discuss the methodology adopted by the State in the definition of the tribe. As the idea is to study how financial flows managetheir tribal This is based on the assumption that the results would be used

Product Development shall offer financial continuum of increasing poor clients. The artificial boundary of a poverty line is only useful in the preparation of the sample. Despite that wanted to base the study in some of the most backward districts of India, Wayanad choice was made on purpose. The selection of Wayanad have been driven not only for its general backwardness but also the geographic origin.

Wayanad formed November 1, 1980 the 12th district and the most backward district in Kerala, is 3.79% urbanized. Wayanad district first settlement in the case of the adivasi population (about 36%) among other districts in the state.

Questionnaire design: the collection of household data, a detailed questionnaire was designed to attract financial flows of families over a long period. The database has been Demographic Profile and assets of a home. Other data have been built around this to obtain the financial history of households. We obtained data on income, debt and savings. We investigated the contributions of resource persons include local issues and active in the lists of specific geographic region.

Information was collected on flows of income, agricultural land, physical assets, savings habits of lending operations, and details about the events that took place in the family for the past 10 years. Although the questionnaire was not divided into different stages, each edition of the collection of accurate information. This gives a collective image of the financial flows of a family. In the first part, we collected data on general information the family, including income, remittances inflows and outflows. The second part of the collection of information on land ownership and details of other physical assets, including homes and livestock details. In this process, capture information on financial transactions, while the purchase or sale of assets, financing method and purpose of purchase. The third section focuses on physical assets, information when we catch the mode of financing, the purpose of buying, and value. If an asset is sold, it was found that the amount of the sale. In pursuit of this information, we have tried to understand the process of acquisition and sale of assets and the circumstances in which they are acquired or sold. In the fourth part, that the capture of savings and debt details

family. Also asked respondents to rank the sources that who had the savings and loan operations to obtain a return on your comfort level, more details on accessibility, cost, safety and liquid products used. He also asked

the amount of their savings and maximum loan and the source where it was stationed or established in the last 10 years. This gave us an idea of the scope of financial institutions and at the same time to talk about the degree of convenience and the faith of the poor places in these sources. He helped us find the source of all formal or informal produced the most acceptable. Similar information was collected on the debt. In the last part, we collected information about activities occurred in the last 10 years – such as child marriage, health expenditure and the acquisition of goods or funeral expenses. The details of the event capture financial flows related to the birth, death, education, marriage and emergency situations. This gave an overview of how these events are funded and managed. The issues on which we had difficulty in obtaining data were about health issues and expenses. They were not willing to talk about these issues. This information collection has been so circumspect. The data did not come together on some sensitive issues. As this is a tribal area, has a prevalence against the price of the dowry of the bride in the plains This area had a small town piece of land, productivity

low and produce most of it was consumed. The level of monetization was low. The allocation Value self-consumption has been difficult. Use events as time markers have been useful, but that gave us the data on financial flows to the tip of the event. However, several respondents were unable to articulate their actions, because of low levels of awareness in the area of reimbursement and split between interest and capital.

Data were collected using the researchers. We found it preferable to use interviewers to collect data. Use of women we have helped, because: – the respondent and women available for a longer part of the day. Therefore, the opportunity to have a blank and need to revisit the homes were minimal. – Women have the time patiently answering the questionnaire and were able to recall the details more clearly than men, and responded

women's and researchers. – Women were not suspicious and do not tend to hide. However, the reduction in data collection exclusively by women that pose a material about the accuracy. Ideally this data should have been triangulated by a man short interview. But due to time constraints, this could be done.

Results

1 The main sources of money that operate in the village are the village moneylenders,

traders, family and friends, banks, Co-operatve Corporation and SHG

.

Two families and jobs in general: We used data from50 homes in which we gather information. These 50households had a total of 226 people – an average of about five people per household. The basic demographic data in Table 2. In general, areas of poverty are associated with a high prevalence of child labor. The driver said that among the 85 children (under 15), 45 years we have been discussing some vocation or another, mainly in agriculture, markets for secondary forest products (MFP) and

go to town to work in the nonfarm business. Between others above the age of 18 years, there were only six people who said they were unemployed. Only 45 children under age 15 years total of 85 studies. The 40 children others who were not in school might

have used either a task or the other, where families have chosen not to disclose or were too young to start to work. Education levels are low (Table 3). Wayanad is listed as one of the most educationally backward districts. There was no one who has reached the level beyond the primary level and about two thirds of the population was illiterate. Most employment opportunities are seasonal. Given this, there is an opportunity financial products to enter the stream of cash flows of these poor people. The details of the employment situation in Table 4.

3 Income: households had incomes of farm and nonfarm sources. Revenues from non-agricultural products was higher than in agriculture (Table 5). continue drought in recent years and the lack of availability of arable land could have led to income of many people find off-farm in the village go to town to work with other non-agricultural businesses. Liaison with the city played an important role in the diversification of livelihood opportunities. New sources of revenue for the discovery diversification of the current work has injected extra cash for the regular cash flow. The high debt also forced to leave town

and seek alternatives seeking steady cash flows. Sometimes the income is in kind. Were captured by converting flows in monetary terms. For example, MFP collected grass and have contributed significantly to the flow of income. They have been translated into monetary value. In households where income is more top end Rs 4,000 per capita we have found that more than one member of the family, but I have a regular job in the city. Some of them had the land, adding to their feeds. Even if they are leaving the farm households, Table 6 shows that agriculture is not profitable, and find the wages

alternative employment appears. The households in low-income group, has continued based on agriculture, and could not escape the trap of poverty.

4 Properties: Property of the show in Table 7. In the list, we see that apart utensils, beds and rudimentary agricultural application, there is little in the way of household assets. The most important asset in households were in silver, gold, materials and crafts. It was found during the visit that the assets of the majority of which are usually not sold. Residents prefer to borrow in times of crisis rather high interest rate, instead of liquidating assets and need to sell their goods to sell livestock, but not touch jewelry. All respondents had a home. Some of them had two residential units, but families use both. None of these families had rented land, while several families had rented the land.

5 Loans: lending profile is presented in Table 8. The maximum number of accounts loan was with the lenders. However, the average size of loan the money lender was less than other sources. In total, borrowing money lender

and other informal sources accounted for nearly 85 percent of loans and 80 percent of the amounts loaned. Parent loans and commercial banks had a size significantly higher than the average of the loans. There was no significant difference between the source of which groups I and II had borrowed.4 It seems that the groups self-help was not an option for group I households. The formal sector has not been able to reach this segment of the population. The reasons may relate to the size trades and cost. Even support groups have been working with poor families above. When we compare the amount of loans and profiles of borrowers, we find that banks trade are biased in favor of loans for the production of goods (Table 9). The bank provides a

ready to consumption5 five social lending. The health-related costs, have contributed to increase spending. The borrower diversified portfolio of the usurer. The lender has made loans for consumption, social consumption

health expenditures, acquisition of assets, and also to cover the costs of litigation. The loan funds have been usurious mainly for the purchase of cattle. All loans were consumer self-help groups. People paid primarily for the social consumption and health-related expenses from family sources. The community generally supports social activities in the village – it was hoped that the beneficiary may be places where

was a similar event in the family of others. Consequently, loans for marriage and funerals were generally informal sources. A loan from family sources was to purchase assets. Tables 9 and 10 show that the people taken from the creditors for the acquisition of assets. The loans from lenders in case of emergency is understandable, but most in the purchase of assets, indicate the potential for government institutions to step in. Also note that the goal most often for loans is "related to health.

6 Savings: Without the awareness and the complex legal requirements Most of the savings banks in the groups. There was an account recurring deposit. By saving in self-help groups have been on a weekly basis. Many members have been erratic in their economies. Even this was illegal because no source household income. So when there was little money available to women, either through the sale of the MFP, vegetables and bamboo, preferred to secure container in the ground inside the house, but out of sight of their husbands. According to data on the financing of the purchase of assets and financing major events, it is clear that these economies are very rarely used for departures. Sale of assets and jewelry has not been observed in all sample households. Savings can see a different compartment, which should be used sparingly. A series examines the earnings, savings and loan level data indicates that the debt is not alarming (See figure). In almost all cases, the total loan was less than its annual revenue, much less than the total value of the assets they had. In this sense, not claimed suffered a negative net worth. However, what appeared to be very common is the money aside stored in pots, as there were no alternatives available for saving. Official sources were accessible only by a handful of people, and also appeared to have multiple accounts. This problem has been faced with both loans and savings services. Table 11 shows the economies of the poor in the institutions

CONCLUSIONS

Mapping the poor financial flows requires a thorough investigation the structure of income and expenditure and most important is the participation of the same. This article illustrates the results of a study in a village in Kerala, which was under the influence of natural disasters and the problems of farmers for years and has rainfall experienced this year. But the determination that certain areas of the issues Programes important by government and cooperation, including those relating to employment and helped them to diversify their sources of livelihood. Although

various studies to identify factors that draw people into the trap of poverty, the main conclusions of this study are that the overall profile of the assets of savings income the poor of this town provides enhanced comfort in comparison to the debt. However, the majority of assets and savings are illiquid, forcing the poor borrow at a high cost and service these loans. The study indicates that the failure of institutions to enter the market for savings and loans. Even if we assume that the term "emergency" needs would be covered by local sources, institutions (including micro-finance mechanisms as groups support) could not

make inroads in the provision for non-urgent needs such as asset purchase and construction of houses. There is a need for a product appropriately designed savings – an important attribute of the product must be safety. The liquidity and performance do not appear

be a concern that most economies are in a "pot" hidden. Note It is important also that large loans from family, thereby strengthening social ties in the community under study. This is confirmed in the way weddings and other social events are funded. The poor seem to be softening its interest costs through the use of informal, zero cost of borrowing for specific purposes. This has an important role

indication for us. It was a very strong case for pricing loans fungibility uniform by MFIs. This is both the style and type of self-help group Grameen organizations. One argument is that it supports the use of adverse credit (the example cited production is often subsidized by credits will be used for social consumption). However, the lending model and use the poor have funds the sample show that if we can ensure the end use, there is a case apart

loan pricing. It also shows that the informal structures so that even consumption, which could be limited by social systems – An example is the unavailability of funds from the welfare state for second and subsequent marriages. The study results confirm previous studies – the murder is the most profitable health. This leads to the poor in additional debt. Borrowing costs of health is one of the

the most significant pieces of the loan. Also note that there was no significant difference between the top of the poor and the lower end of access to formal institutions, both for savings and loans in both transactions with these institutions were limited. A combination of factors such as information on income opportunities, health facilities accessible and cheap credit on affordable terms and to raise awareness about wasteful spending in the social functions

them in managing their money wisely. Although we can gather valuable information, but there are some things missing and the study does not count as

relationship between the cost of credit and unsecured – in particular with lenders, long-term flows, and whether these households were better off than ten years ago and the effect of diversification income sources in the treatment of

difficult situations – especially considering that the sample area was affected by severe drought during the last three years. A significant gap has also found a lack of data on current expenditure.

Wayanad District Profile

Wayanad District

Region (square kilometers) 2131

Total 7,80,619

Men 3,91,273

Women 3,89,346

Sex ratio: 995 Females/1000

Population density: 366

The per capita income (in rupees) 34 123

Literacy rate 85.25% 89.77% 80.72% Male Female

km coastline. Null

Water in the body has. 936

Forest area in hectares. 78 787

Assembly Constituencies 1. Kalpatta

2. North Wayanad

3. Sultan bathers

Taluks Head Quarters Number of villages

Vaithiri Vaithiri 18

Bathers Bathers Sultan Sultan 15

Mananthavadi Mananthavadi 16

Live Action, Population (Census 2000)

Cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goats Pigs

106393 5847 38188 110 3254

Monthly rainfall (mm)

Month January February March April May June July August September October November December

Rainfall 7.4 9.1 21.5 96.3 186.3 694.1 1163.6 639.6 258.7 206.6 101.4 26.7

Village Profile Noolpuzha

Geographic Area (HEC) 24 297

Forest area (HEC) 19 287

The cultivated area (HEC) 3330

Irrigated Area (HEC) 200

4627 Total House hold

Population 23 151

Male 11 806

Male 11 345

SC / ST 9861

9 Hospitals

3 Schools

8 Post Offices

Banks 4

Village Offices 1

Telegraph office

SHG

296 General

ST 111

Sources: Annex Panchayat

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2: Distribution of age in the sample

Year Age

85 1.15

68 16-30

34 31-45

45 years and above 29

Total 226

Table 3: Level of education through the sample

Education Level

Illiterate 126

Literate 48

52 Primary education

Total 226

Table 4: Sample distribution by occupational status

Employment status (n)

Unemployed 62

16 Students

Housewife 29

60 Agriculture

Nonfarm business (Seasonal) 33

nonfarm business (regular) 4

Service 8

Any other 14

Total 226

Table 5: Details income for various occupations

Source of Income

The median income for

Employee

By Year (R) Capita Income

Home

By Year (R)

Agriculture 1329 752

10800 2700 agricultural wages

nonfarm business (in season) 10 621 2392

Collection MFP / herb

(Main Job) 950 480

Total income from nonfarm sources – 519

income per capita from all sources, 6843

Table 6: Sources of income: agriculture and other

per capita

Sources Agriculture

Others

Total Revenue

MM Income (No MM) (No MM) (No MM)

0000-2000 June 1933 5

2000-4000 December 25, 1919

Over 4000 19 May 26

Table 7: Details of assets

Property List

Number

Approximate Value

assets (R)

Physical assets

9940 Watch

01 7000 Scooter

January 2000 Cycle

View October 2210

Radio May 2300

Cuna 24 5100

January 1950 Chairs

Elec Connections

(Focus Point) 15 3500

Utensils (Value approx) 17 900

Implements 52 11500

Pump 01 8000

Jewelry (Silver) (value approx.) 213 600

Jewellery (gold) (Values) 1500

–

Cattle

Cows 3733700

Oxen 5566000

Goat and sheep 81 35650

Poultry 41 6720

Territory (in hectares)

Owning land irrigated 22 000 0375

Owning land 81 000 20.5 dry

own agricultural land 232 000 11.7

rainfed land leased 66 000 1875

Uncultivated land lease 0375 10 000

Home

Low in July

Media 20

Big 01

Table 8: Details of loans from various sources

Fund Details

Transactions of the break

Client Base

Loan Sources

Number

Amount Accounts

(R) loan Ave

Size (R) Group I

Group II 19 MM

15 MM

Commercial banks

05 Post Office

(7.8) 49 000

(17.33) 9800

02

03

Usurers

42

(65.62) 134 100

(47.45) 3,193

18

24

SHG

04

(25.6) 2700

(0.95) 675

00

04

Family

12

(18.75) 91 800

(32.48) 7650

06

06

All other

0 1

(1.56) 5000

(1.79) 5000

00

01

2,82,600 Total 64 4415

38

26

.

* Group I = income per capita of less than 4,000 rupees. Group II = per capita

more revenue Rs 4000

Table 10: significant events and funding

Loans Event Details

No events

In recent (R)

Amt Ave

Savings

Spent

(R)

Employee

(R)

Marriage

19

13 432

1895

11 537

Health problems of members of the family 31 1955

1281 674

Camera Construction 10 800 7570 5770

Purchase of agricultural land 07 428 3457 2428

Funeral expenses 04 200 – 1200

Other 18 989 906 3083

.

References

1. Bapuji M., "Strategies for Tribal Development" Description "The Indian daily

Administrative Sciences, vol. III, January to December 1992.

2. Beteille, Andrew, "The definition of the tribe, the" Seminar (14), Romesh Thapa 1960 (Ed.)

Company tribe and religion in India McMillan, India, Lucknow, 1977.

3 Danda, AK, "Legislation to safeguard the interests of tribes and

Caste Vidhyarthi LP (ed.) Tribal Development and administration,

Pub Concept Delhi, 1981.

4. Dhebar Campos, United Nations, Report of the line "And the tribes of the Commission

Published 1961 Chap. Govt. India, Delhi.

5. Elvin V., "A New Deal for Tribal India, Director publication of the Government of India

Delhi, 1963.

6. W. Fernandez (Ed.), National Development and Indian tribal social deprivation

Institute, Delhi, 1992.

0.7 Government of India, "Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002), vol. II.

0.8. Government of India, "Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985-90), Delhi.

9 Hasan, Amir, "the tribal government of India, BR edition, Corp. Delhi, 1988.

0.10 The reforms Hasan, Amir, land in the tribal areas and its consequences ", in HS heading Saxena

(Ed.), Tribal Development Perspectives, Bharath Book Centre, Lucknow, 1998.

11 Amir Hasan, Tarai village design profession, the anthropologist, vol.

XXII 2, July-August 1969.

12. Hasan, Nadeem, "India Tribal Palika Prakashan, Delhi 1999.

0.13 Karmak, KG, "Credit Rrural and Platform Support Groups, Sage Publications, New Delhi 1999.

0.14 Mahapatra, LK, "tribal development in India: Myth and Reality." Vikas Publication

Casa Iberia. Ltd., 1994.

15. Mahapatra, LK, 'Development for whom? Deprivating class dispossessed tribal social

Action, 41:3, 1991.

16 Menon, PSK, "Tribal policies, plans and programs." April Yojna

2002.

17 Mishra, SN Singh and B. (Ed.) "Area Development Society tribal for the Study of

Regional Development, New Delhi, 1983.

18 Mohanty, BB, "the distribution of land among the scheduled castes and tribes, Economic and

Political Weekly, October 6, 2001.

19 Nair, K. Sukumar, "tribal economies in transition: a study in Meghalaya, Inter-

India Pub. Delhi, 1987.

20. NCW, "Report on Tribal Women and Employment, the National Commission for Women

New Delhi, 1998.

21. N. Ramji And Bhatnagar, A., "Empowerment and Tribal Sustainable Development

NWFP. Yojana, April 2000.

22. Saxena, SH, and Sen, Chandra, "Move the last: Move tribal

Rehabilitation Inter-India Publications, Delhi, 1999.

23 Singh, AK, "the Tribal Development Authority of India, Bharath Book Centre,

Lucknow (in press)

24 Chavan, Pallavi (2003): "Lender image positive: Regression

Thought for Development and Policy ", Economic and Political Weekly,

December 13 pp 5301-04.

25 Fisher, Thomas and MS Sriram (2002): Beyond Microcredit: adjustment

Back in the development of micro-finance, Sage-view, New Delhi.

26 Mutesasira, L (1999): "Savings and Needs in East Africa: an infinite variety"

potential products and product development, MicroSave

Africa in Nairobi.

27 Rutherford, innovative approaches S et al (2002): "Providing microfinance

Services: The Case of SANS, West Bengal, MicroSave Africa,

Nairobi.

About the Author

Nidheesh K B
Lecturer in Commerce
Pondicherry University
Pondicherry
India

Jewellery $33.99 Jewellery

Tags: jewellery