The crusade against slavery, 1830-1860,

Prologue
In the 1830s and after the winds of reform shook United States, with more fury than ever they had since the Revolution. Not only had more reason than ever, but in an era of "the rise of man common ", to reach more people. In this climate of unrest, the situation of blacks, slave and free, became a more urgent problem and imminent, and, ultimately, has divided the nation.

Remove and reform movements are complex by nature, by which emotional plan, and is associated with spectacular events. It was not possible to provide a disinterested analysis of the content and orientation in time or over a long period thereafter. Growth free land and the struggle to preserve the Union because of the reform seems less important, and confusing the definition of abolition. In the reformers of the postwar period, a Once united by the desire of the slave, freedom of expression, temperance, education, women's rights, and other causes, tend to separate, each with its own specialty. This greater emphasis on the "experts" is increasingly difficult to accept the fact that we can shake women's rights and education, and rights person at a time – that many Americans have done it once. Therefore, even if there have been many biographies of the reformers before the Civil War, and stories monumental women's rights, temperance, education, and other cross, their relevance to the other was treated less systematically. The focus of the reform – the removal – Consideration has been fragmented, especially in the interest of one or another important figure.

It has been too easy to assume that struggle "moral" against slavery in the 1830s, became from 1840 to 1860, in a "political struggle", which reduced the value of abolitionists. Whether true or false, the argument requires further consideration. The traces of this volume of the relationship of the fight against the abolition of slavery and its links to the various probe reforms that have dominated the period. Just try to avoid mentioning names, to say nothing of the abuse. It seeks rather to discriminate between individuals and to determine their needs and value. It's about recovering a sense of the consequence of enjoying contemporary reformers, and it is very possible that such an attempt to affect our judgments about its relevance for our time.

Materials are also available numerous and complex as our "densepack'd cities", as wide as our "Multiple domains." The researcher who seeks to rise above the level of partisanship is a delicate task in finding representative materials for the opening of research, rather closely, while at the same time the satisfaction of the reader right to know how the author feels about their own conclusions.

My thanks is due The Antioch College, the American Philosophical Society and the Social Science Research Council, which, at strategic points, has provided grants to help Research and related expenses. library staff of Antioch College thin materials helped to keep coming during the long preparation of the manuscript, and excellent policy sabbatical that allowed me to complete the job. Many more people than can be conveniently concerned have given aid and comfort, suggestions and advice. Thanks are due, first, to my editors in chief, Henry Steele Commager and B. Richard Morris, gave the work to the benefit of their experience and understanding. Many people read the manuscript, in part, and many other passages bearing on the formulation and ideas. It is a pleasure to note, among my colleagues, teachers Bernard A. University Weisberger Chicago, the late Robert S. Fletcher, Oberlin College, Harry R. Stevens, Ohio University, Wesley M. Gewehr, professor emeritus of history at the University of Maryland, Lawrence A. Cremin, Teachers College, Columbia University, C. Urban College Park, Mary E. Stanley Young University, Ohio State, Lloyd E. Dean Worner University of Colorado, and Bernard Mandel Cleveland. Mr. Boyd B. Stutler Charleston, West Virginia, not only gave freely his shop many reports about John Brown and other related topics, but has contributed great interest has been well received in the rocky stages of the investigation. Library people are friendly, and we are grateful to them as a class. More useful beyond the call of duty was Mrs. Alene Lowe White Western Reserve Historical Society, Miss Lelia F. Holloway, Oberlin College Library, and Miss Louise F. Kampf University of Colorado, and Dr. Henry J. Caren, editor Deputy Chief of the Ohio Historical Quarterly.

CHAPTER 1
The challenge of Slavery
Throughout the colonial period and after the American Revolution, slavery was accepted by most Americans as a normal and inevitability of their business. Indeed it has become increasingly restricted, as an institution that works for the Southern States. It is also true, Americans have relatively little direct economic interest in its perpetuation. These years, however, included some of the most respected in society. They bought and sold slaves, hired workers, and went to live on the money earned from their use. To a large extent, their participation in its fortunes in the North no slave who purchased goods and services and where they felt friendship. It appreciated the willingness of smaller classes of people in South and North, who hated blacks for their color, feared as a competitor potential.

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However, strange enough, during the decades that preceded the reform era, slavery has not inspired a remarkable literary or legal defense. Many influential leaders of society implies that eventually must give way to a more democratic order. Another deplored its operations and tried to speed up your order. His compassion sometimes extended to the Indians, and also had been marked by slavery, but was less maneuverable than the black man. In New England, dates from the seventeenth century, John Eliot, "Apostle to the Indians was seized with sacred work of converting the Indians. In the South, the next century, Christian PrIBES, Saxony, adopted Cherokees in western Carolina, died a prisoner of Oglethorpe English reformer and founder of Georgia. 1 Among others, Samuel stitching. any notable diarist hysteria Massachusetts judge penitent Salem witchcraft, expressed concern with good and evil of slavery, promising to pay his own slave for services rendered. Their voices were literally crying in the wilderness.

Later became an important event in American history that the border has led to freedom. It is, indeed, convincing evidence that the border has encouraged the creation of ideas and democratic attitudes and helped push democratic leaders, but he did On the other hand, to undermine slavery. The border tends to reflect prejudices and expectations that were established. It has allowed almost unlimited opportunity, so that the modes of practice and experimental, progressive and reactionary clearly of behavior depending on the strength of unsuccessful authors. Cosmopolitan Cincinnati, Ohio and Mormon Nauvoo, Illinois, Natchez, with its media and atheists Old South New Harmony, Indiana – were all made possible by the open field. 2 It was part of the tragedy of South rapid adjustment of their social system should be so dominated its own borders, not allowing a fermentation process between the new areas under development in the South and countries of origin. West Virginia – mountainous, with few slaves, with a large number of poor whites and individualist – has not been able to change the old habits of Virginia. At the final account, they parted. 3

The American Revolution and beyond expectations of new slavery excited that soon decreased strength and prestige. Specific plans to end the maintenance of high tariffs on slave trade, slaves and allow them to buy their own freedom, not applicable. 4 But the spirit of the times seems to favor the expansion of civil liberties and others. Southerners developed freely expressed their abhorrence of the slave trade and domestic slavery abroad. Not a few slaves to reward loyal elements services during the Revolutionary War. Dr. Samuel Hopkins, noted theologian and a disciple of the great Jonathan Edwards, speaking on behalf of the slave, and has contributed a vital element in the dialogue on slavery of Africans (1776) revolutionary debate. After the Revolution had been fought and won, has not ceased to influence the American imagination, it would strengthen the identification of an application for a specific reform. The cause was considered black by association helped with the revolutionary effort, which was considered more favorable time in black and white relations. In due course, the views of anti-revolutionary fathers slavery, carefully collected and are widely cited. 5

But with the war, popular interest in the slave has decreased. abolitionist petitions in were the first federal Congress, as a caustic observer, has received "with a smile" by John Adams, President, and with hostility by the distinguished senators. Events such as Virginia, has officially empower blacks who had served the Revolution, has contributed to a flood of emails, but in the nineties was practical for slave owners to free some of his followers by the desire of blacks. 6

The invention of Eli Whitney cotton gin in 1793 made the slavery profitable in the cultivation of cotton, then south leadship became more assertive in defending their rights. North Representative expressed their feelings unequivocally against slavery, but they speak of a U.S. section on the problem and they themselves were not clear what to do. The sensitivity on the subject was taken time to form in the North. William Jay, soon one of the most prominent abolitionists, he was proud of the career of his father, John Jay, and services of the latter President of the Company as a pioneer in promoting the emancipation of slaves. His biography of the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court left Jay slave ownership in a special category:

In 1798, convened by the provost of the United States on behalf of its taxable property, [John Jay] with a list of his slaves with the following observations:

"I can buy slaves and free to age well, and when his loyal Services available reasonable chastisement. "

As free servants have become more common, has been gradually increased the need for purchase of slaves and freed the last two has been maintained for many years in his family, the usual remuneration. 7

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Thus, in this first period, leading Anti slavery slave use of "cruelty" ends.

In 1825, North and South differ clearly in his attitude toward slavery, but not in its attitude toward the black. The visit of the Marquis de Lafayette, this year has helped to highlight how the new nation was reduced from previous estimates. The eminent French received a call from a citizen publicspirited speak against slavery, the latter has "a memory announced in my youth for their generous efforts in the cause of American liberty, and be convinced that the views of the general would be received with enthusiasm. 8 But he was Lafayette appalled by the amount of anti-black bias, observed in the North and South, and noted that during the "Revolution of the soldiers in black and white spotted together without hesitation. "9

Theodore Dwight and Sergeant John were typical of many northerners who were genuinely anti-slavery sentiment, but inadvertently fell into the position sectionalists simple. Theodore Dwight, editor of the New York Daily Advertiser, not only supports the abolition of slavery, denounced the stripes of the soldiers, and cruelty to blacks, Indians, Eskimos, mentally and even lobster. But besides being a reformer, was also an ardent federalist, including restrictions on the virtues and vices of Thomas Jefferson were far from tranquil. 10 John Sergeant was a renowned lawyer of Philadelphia, and Congress has won the denunciation of Robert Y. Hayne Carolina South as "a distinguished lawyer of the Missouri restriction, a known abolitionist." No evidence, however, that the sergeant did not make sense for blacks as individuals or as individuals. 11 With little firsthand knowledge of the functioning of slavery, these fans do not have that information added by the nerves their arguments against. Was the likes of Benjamin Lundy different, the pioneer abolitionists, who said in 1826 that the Governor of South Carolina had recommended that the custom of burning slaves in capital cases stopped. "Is it possible that this has not been done since time?" Lundy said. "Is that cruelties of slavery, therefore, be rejected as they have done, by the editors slaveite? 12

Most northerners who is indifferent to such Lundy practices, in fact, few have been actively slavery. The line between the fight against black slavery and the feeling is sometimes dark, but Mordecai Manuel Major Noah, Jackson picturesque and popular without beating around the bush. Noah preached human rights, but also defended the enslavement of blacks. Your opinion was shared by many elements in the North. 13

Daniel Webster, for the most harangue, pleaded in 1830 for "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and indivisible ", said the suspect was favored in the South against the North for political reasons. The North was represented as willing to intervene their own exclusive and peculiar concerns. "The accusation was false, Webster said:" Such interference is not supposed to be in the power of government, nor in any way attempted. "Many Northerners have adopted an equally virtuous position regarding its willingness to live with slavery as a system of 14. His insensitivity is a challenge important not only for the abolitionists, but for other supporters of the anti-slavery become frustrated in their hopes would support South spokesman for the release programs of slaves. But, as Theodore Parker emphasized the sermon after sermon, the defender of the slave system did not want the North alone. Horace Greeley was a day to summarize the problem brilliantly:

"Why not leave him alone slavery?" imperative or sharply north along the long struggle that precedes [the bombardment of Fort Sumter], by men who must have seen, but no, that slavery has never left the North, nor intended to do. "Purchase Louisiana for us, "said the slave." With pleasure. "Now in Florida!" Of course. Next: "break their treaties with the streams and the Cherokees, and evict tribal lands they have occupied since time immemorial, as we expand our plantations. "So said, so done." "Now To Texas! "" You've got it. "" Then, over a third of Mexico! "That's yours." "Now, break the covenant of Missouri, and let slavery deal with free labor for the vast region this covenant dedicated to freedom! "" Very well. And now? "" Cuba buys us one hundred and fifty million. "" We tried, but Spain refused to sell. "Then start at any price! And all time Although slavery Union has been using as a victim – the Republic to drag unjust wars and the enormous expense, and the empire after empire and the seizure – the Northmen (or, more precisely, men in the north) have not stopped asking why people living in free states could not let slavery alone their own affairs, and spend their surplus in philanthropy to the poor for their own doors instead of the slaves happy and content! 15

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