Comments on the Spring Festival. ] [Reprint

Brochure:

(13 February 1964)

SOURCE: Live Mao Tse-tung Thought, a publication of the Red Guards.

(Summary)

PRESIDENT target = "_blank" title = "Mao Zedong"> MAO: Today is the feast of spring, and organize a forum for discussing national problems and foreign ... Do you think our state can collapse or not? Imperialism and revisionism, concert, hit our borders, do [that] the democratic nature fear of the atomic bomb? If the atomic bomb should explode, we simply find ourselves in Yenan. All of Shen-Kan-Ning border area had a population 1.5 million and in the city of Yan'an, there were 30,000. We can not respond publicly unless they are attacked first. There was a time when the Kuomintang was intelligent than normal, and has not publicly denounce. They put a document through the retention method "exotic" parts, to keep the Party Communist. Did you this?

Shih-Chang Chao: I do not know.

Chairman Mao: You are not very well informed. In January 1941, the Kuomintang was up the South Anhui Incident where we lost over 17,000 men. After that, they have organized several other anti-communist high tides, so he taught [Our party] a lesson. Chiang Kai-shek is not good, every time I had an opportunity that we have tried to regiment. After the end of the war against Japan, Chiang spoke peace, and invited me to go to Chungking for negotiations, but also gave secret orders. In the course of negotiations led a campaign against our party and destroyed the three divisions of Kao .. Shu-Hsun

XXX: Kao has already joined the party. The People can change.

Kang Sheng: Emperor Hsuan T'ung came to present their New Year wishes (with the Political Consultative Conference).

Chairman Mao: We must come together very well with the Emperor Hsuan T'ung. Both Hsuan T'ung Kuang Hsu and used our patterns. Hsuan T'ung monthly salary of just over one hundred yuan is too small – this man is an emperor.

Shih-Chang Chao: Uncle Tsai-Hsuan Tung t'ao [8], is in a miserable situation.

Chairman Mao: That boy-T'ao Tsai is a senior military official. He was a French student. I know, but not intimately. Is it okay to help you through, so you can eat little better? After all, our guests. We need to improve their standard of living.

It's no fun being a running dog. Nehru was in poor condition, imperialism and revisionism robbed blind. Revisionism is rejected everywhere. It was rejected in Romania, which is not heard in Poland. In Cuba to listen to half and half rejected, listen half because they can not do otherwise, they do not produce oil or weapons. Imperialism is a difficult time, too. Japan opposes the U.S., and not just Japanese Communist Party and the Japanese people who oppose U.S. – The big capitalists as well. Not long ago, forging an inspection rejected Kita-American. the opposition of General de Gaulle in the United States is also a response to the demands of the capitalists. They are also behind the establishment of relations diplomatic ties with China. China opposes U.S. before Beijing had Shen Chung [9], the whole country against American imperialism. Khrushchev revisionists we abuse and dogmatic, pseudo-revolutionaries – really have a curse. Not long ago, a letter from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Central Committee Communist Party of China made four points: (1) End the debate open, (2) The return of the experts [Soviet] [in China], (3) Negotiations Sino-Soviet relations (4) The expansion of trade. We can have discussions about the border, beginning February 25. We can make a small business, but we can not do much for the products of Soviet crude heavy, expensive and always have something in return.

K'ang SHENG: The quality is inferior.

Chairman Mao: They are crude first person to face, lower third, and fourth are kept something back, if not as good to deal with them as with the French bourgeoisie, still have some notion of business ethics.

In the past errors have occurred in our work. The first was blindly run commands, the second was requisitioned excessive and have been corrected. Now, we went to the extreme contrast, we moved to send commands to the blind no order, and therefore we are not doing our best effort. So emulate Liberation Army, should imitate Taching Oil Ministry. [10] In the oil fields that have invested Tach'ing more – and in the three years they have built a production in the oil field – tonnes and a processing plant – tonnes of oil. Investment was low, time was short, the successes have been great, and many writings on this subject is worth a look. All departments should learn from the oil ministry, to learn from the Liberation Army, and get a good experience for a combat brigade of the enemy, and a brigade of work against us. Students should also learn from the Army release. They should make full use of his success, to establish models for emulation, car lot, while criticizing errors. Praise should be paramount, and critics should be complementary. Among those who work for our cause, there are good people, and many good models, should be welcomed.

Last year, there were major natural disasters Hopei. In the south there was a drought in the home the harvest was good, but there was heavy rain causing the loss of [the chin 20 000 million about 12 million tons] of grain, however the year end total production increased by more than 10,000 million chin, and this year we want to do even better. Today, we learned of the Army release, we learn from the oil ministry, we learn from models in cities, villages, factories and schools, we overcome the mistakes in our work, and try to do our job a little better this year.

In today's forum, we talk about international issues, but our main concern is the internal problems. If we do not deal effectively with our internal problems, there is no speech or international business. Currently, there are countries that want to develop our relations with countries like the Congo. Lumumba, the Congo has launched an guerrilla war, but do not have modern weapons at all – things like that Kuan Kung Black Dragon Sword Crescent and eighteen foot spear Fei Chang [11].

XXX: There Huang Chung arrows.

Chairman Mao: It's just weapons of Kuan Chang, Chao Ma Huang, and – they have no modern weapons. In the past, we did not. After the uprising in Nanchang [12], we have lost two divisions, then I Chu Chen Yi and Lin Piao has led the rest to Chingkangshan. I do not know how to fight. In 1918, I worked in the library of Beijing University, I paid eight dollars a month, and went on without worrying about clothes, food or shelter. Chang Shih-chao would not be an officer Yuan Shi-kai [13], and then ceases to be the president of Peking University, went to Peking University to run a newspaper. Old Huang [14] Are you a Constitutionalist?

HUANG Yen-Pei: I am a revolutionary is not a constitutionalist, I participated in the Tong Meng Hui [15].

Shih-Chang Chao: It is a revolutionary.

Old Chairman Mao Chen, [16] which belongs to the clique of the research Shih-Chang Chao attended the Second Revolution [17] and in 1925 he was minister. You are now working with us, participating in the socialist construction of the new China. When I say we hope to do our job a little better year, not only the hope of the Central Committee, is also his hope. Hsu Te-heng, you are in charge of a department of the industry? [18]

XXX: There is great hope for his ministry.

Chairman Mao: Old Huang, his family seems to include every possible part and the faction – Democratic League, the Association for the Promotion of Democracy [19], the Communist Youth League. The poem of his son Huang Wan-II, entitled "A salute to Husband," is fine writing. I admired him. Member of the September Third Society who also writes good poetry. I admire him too. You do not know your child in ten and some very good, you're like Kuo Tzu-i [20].

All departments must learn Liberation Army set up a service policy and strengthen its political work. They should encourage application, setting model workers emulation, lease deal, and at the same time, criticize the errors. Praise should be paramount, and Critics should be complementary. Among those who work for our cause is a lot of good people and good things, there are many good models for rent.

Today I want to talk about the problem of education. Progress has been made in the industry, and I think should be the same changes in education also. The current state of things is not enough. In my opinion, the line and the direction [] Fang-chen in education are correct, but the methods are wrong and must be changed. Here are comrades of the Central Committee Party comrades, colleagues outside the party, fellow of the Academy of Sciences. XXX Comrade lecture now.

XXX: In this an urgent problem in the field of education is the education system, namely the fact that the duration of work required is excessive. Today children start school at the age of seven years and spent six years in primary school, six years at university, and in some cases six years at university, usually five, which was seventeen or eighteen. He graduated from the University at the age of twenty-four or twenty-five years and then engaged in manual labor for a year, and then go through another period of years training in the workplace, so it comes out [of] the process when twenty-six or twenty-seven. For two or three years older than him being in the Soviet Union. In the Soviet Union, the last years of primary and secondary ten, and the university for four or five, so that twenty or twenty-four of one and start working. In the study of the humanities, no big deal about students becoming too old. In the case of natural sciences, it is obvious that [staying in school] a long time. This is particularly true of the science of atomic energy, with the most advanced sciences, the students are too old when they graduate. Based on experience worldwide, it is possible to make a contribution to natural science when he reaches the age of twenty or twenty years. For example, the United States and the Soviet Union, who have attained some achievements to its credit in the natural sciences in the field of energy Atomic general all twenty-four or twenty five years. At this age, the brain works more efficiently, but in this age of the students are still college, and have not taken a position and started working. They begin to work only twenty-six or twenty-seven is not beneficial to the development of science. The duration the prescribed course is extremely large, we reflect on the educational system mast! on.

Chairman Mao: The length of schooling should be reduced a little.

XXX: XX friend recently had an idea that should have five years of primary school and four years of college, so that college students graduate at sixteen. If there were six years of elementary school, middle school leaving at seventeen. The problem is that facilities for higher education are insufficient, every year, universities take only 120,000 or 130,000 pupils, 150,000 to be outside. Others may begin to work sixteen. They could receive two years of training after graduating from high school, then eighteen, which might be to work in factories or villages, that way, which is the more contact [with] reality. Or they could attend two years of high school and establishing links with the university and start working twenty-four or twenty five years. In one word, studies need to shorten some bits. Currently, the Central Committee has established a small Group [] Hsiao-tsu, under the leadership of Comrade XX, in particular, to study the issue of education.

If we adopt this suggestion for improving our national education, students could graduate in general fifteen or sixteen. There are, however, a problem – that of military service. They are too young to that, but you can follow a preliminary training.

Chairman Mao: It is important, not old enough for military service may also experience military life. Not only male students, but students may suffer women to military service. We can train Red Detachment of Women. The girls of sixteen or seventeen years also may have six months to a year of military life, and seventeen years, may also serve as soldiers.

XXX: So the problem of school literary material is not as great. Problems with science and engineering faculties are a bit more. The universities offer preparatory courses one or two years after graduating from middle school, students can attend college preparation courses, or enter a vocational school, and then two years of training, they can spend working in a factory or campaign of eighteen, and his respect for contact [with] reality. If the engineering study, that also will contact with respect, when they graduate or midnight, may hold a position and start working.

President Mao: Currently, there are many of this study, and is extremely dangerous. There are currently too many topics and the load is too heavy, it is the middle school and students in a constant state of tension. The cases of myopia are constantly multiplying between the government and middle school students. This will not be allowed to go on without changes.

XXX: The topics covered by the program are too numerous and complicated. Several former teachers have remained at their posts. Students are not able to stand, are stretched to the extreme, and have no extra-curricular activities, and no time for extracurricular reading.

Chairman Mao: The syllabus should be cut in half. Students must have time for recreation, swimming, playing ball, and free play out of their course work. Confucius professed six arts – Ritual, music, archery, driving cars, poetry and history – but he has produced four sages: Yen Hui, Tseng Tzu, Mo Tzu and Mencius. Do not just for students to read books all day and not go to cultural activities, physical education and swimming, will not be able to run, or read things that are outside courses, etc.

XXX: The students are extremely tense. When I'm home the children say, what is the interest in obtaining the highest marks at all?

Chairman Mao: Throughout history, very few who came first in the imperial examination have achieved great fame. The famous Tang Dynasty poet, Li Po and Tu Fu are neither Chin-shih or Han-lin. [21] Han Yu and Liu Tsungyilan [22] Chin-shih was only the second row. Wang Shih-fu, Kuan Han-Ching, [23] The Kuan-chung, [24] Pu Sung-ling Ts'ao Hsueh-ch'in had none or Han-Lin Shih-Chin. Pu Sung-ling was Hsiu-tsai, who had been promoted, tried to get up the highest rank, but was not a chu-jen [25]. None of those who became or Han Chin-shih-lin was a success. Only two of the Ming Dynasty emperors did well, and Cheng Tai-tsu-tsu. One of them was illiterate, and the other only knew a few characters. Subsequently, however, the Chia-ching reign, when intellectuals have the power, things were in disrepair, the country was in disorder [26]. Han Wu Ti and [Li Hou-chu 27] were very grown up, and ruined the country. It is obvious that reading books is too dangerous. Hsui Liu was an academic, while Liu Pang was a jerk [28].

XXX: It is too in the program, and there are too many exercises so that students may not reflect independently. The current method of mind ….

Chairman Mao: Our current method of testing is a method for dealing with the enemy, not a method to deal with people. This method of surprise attack, asking questions or oblique strange. It is always the same method as the old eight-legged essay. I do not agree to this. Should be changed completely. I support the publication of the questions in advance and allow students to study and respond with the help of books. For example, if you put twenty questions on the Dream of Red Chamber, and some kind of half-student response to them and respond well, and some answers are very good and contain creative ideas, then we can give 100 percent. If other students to answer all twenty questions and answer them correctly, but simply respond to reciting from books and lectures, without creative ideas, should have 50 or 60 percent. The reviews he whispered, taking people from other places should be allowed. If your answer is correct, and copy it, mine should be considered as good. Whisper in the ears of others and taking exams in the names of others who had a secret. We will now be done openly. If I can not do something and write response, which is then an exact copy. Give it a try. We do things in a lively manner and not a dead form. There are teachers who wander and when conference, which should allow their students nod. If the course is not good, why insist that others listen to you? Instead of keeping your eyes open and listen to boring lectures, it is better to sleep a bit refreshing. Do not listen to the nonsense, you can relax your brain instead.

XXX: If you shorten the duration of education, it is time to do a job or military service. We may also suggest that students skip class movement, which does not keep forever in the same place. In the same grade as my son is not a partner class was an outstanding student, after He skipped a grade, and still is an outstanding student. Thus we see that it is possible to skip grades. Ask Comrade XX organize a small group to make a thorough study of this problem, the school system.

Chairman Mao: That XXX XX and therefore be involved in this small group. In this we do things in life too much without a way. It is too in the program, and examinations are held in a rigid manner. We can not approve the present. The current method education and young talent ruins ruins. I do not approve of reading many books. The method of examination is one method of dealing with the enemy is more dangerous and must be stopped.

XXX: Currently, the Head of the Department of Education has called a meeting during which we consider two issues: one is that student load is too heavy, and there are duties to all subjects: the second is that there are three education systems, Confucius, the Soviets, and Dewey.

CHAIRMAN MAO: Confucius was not really so. We have reserved the power of Confucianism. He was only six themes: ritual, music, archery, driving cars "Shu and math. (Chairman Mao asked if XXX" Shu "calligraphy or history.) [29]

XXX: This means that calligraphy.

Chairman Mao: It means history. As in the Han Shu Shu Ching or [30].

XXX: Currently, students from middle school to continue their studies as its sole purpose. After graduation, they are not ready to work, which is a very important and should be resolved. We practice the union of education and productive work, in addition, we also have to walk on two legs. [31] Last year there were floods in Hopei, and the Ministry of Education was a big problem. Many buildings collapsed and had to create a single school as best they could. Consequently, the number of primary and secondary students increased.

Chairman Mao: The flood wrapped dogmatism. We have to eliminate dogmas, both foreign and domestic.

XXX: Other sites have made an adjustment, and introduced particularly in teaching a class, and not separately by subject. The number of students has decreased and the number of poor peasants and lower-middle has fallen, many poor farmers and lower-middle did not continue their studies. In the province of Hopei have a good experience. In Hsin-hui hsien in the province of Canton, reviewed the ten agricultural colleges strange East and mainstream schools. In a regular school, the state spends 120 yuan per year per student, while on a school farm, spend only 6.80 yuan year for each student. There is no problem of all graduates of the School of Agriculture half full employment, so that if a college graduate of a joint no no examination of college, there are many difficulties to place in employment. Therefore, primary and secondary schools should all walk on two legs. At the same time, we must pay attention to quality improvement. Previously, everything was done according to Soviet methods, but in 1958 we suffered a blow this, and was the hand of work planned, but the study has been neglected, in turn, but now that things have changed, it is very good. It's the same with literature and art, the level is relatively high now, but if there had been 1958, we reached our current level [32].

Chairman Mao: "We must lead actors, poets, playwrights and writers of the city, and the package of all went to the campaign. They should all go down periodically in batches in the villages and in factories. We must not allow the writers to stay government offices, will never be something in writing if they do not down. Who does not enter not preparing food, but only when they reach the ground on which it feeds.

XXX: There is now little more than two percent of the bad elements among primary school teachers and college, there are also very bad elements among students and primary school.

Chairman Mao: Never mind, can change jobs.

XXX: At present, the worst students attending normal school, students are good in engineering. Now, we think that not graduate Middle School directly above the normal school or college of letters, but in accepting that more graduates university dedicated to work for a year or two. Students of natural sciences must also fall. They have some experience in XX School in Harbin, send teachers a year or two. Those who were not so good at the source are all pretty good when they get home from work, become part of the core.

The President Mao: They must come down. Currently, there are people who do not have much important to go to work in the field. In the Ming Dynasty, Li [Shih-chen 33] here and there, and went the mountains to gather herbs. [Tsu Chung-chih 34] never went to high school or college. Confucius was a poor peasant family, he kept the sheep, and have never attended middle school or university is. He was a musician, it becomes sort of thing. When someone has a death in the family would be invited to play at the funeral. You can also have been an accountant. He could play the ch'in [35] and driving a car, ride a horse and carrying bows and arrows. "Yu" means driving a car is like the driver of a car. He produced seventy-two wise, like Yen Hui and Tseng Tzu, and had 3000 followers. In his youth, came to the masses, and understand something of the masses suffering. He later became an officer in the state of Lu, but not a high official. Lu population was more than a million, and for many years, people looked at him. When he toured several countries, people cursed him. This person honestly loved, and said he had not known poverty, and could not bear the insults. More Later, Mo Tzu Confucius served as bodyguard, and not let people speak ill of Confucius, but beat everyone who has opened his mouth. Since then, no sound unpleasant came to his ears and the masses did not dare approach him. We should not reject the tradition of Confucius. Our general policy is correct, but our bad methods. There are some problems on the current school system, curricula, teaching methods and examination methods, as well as all this must be changed. Them! People are extremely destructive.

XXX: We get by with five years of primary school.

Chairman Mao's teaching primary school should not last too long, either. Gorky was only two years of primary school, learning is a self-taught. Franklin was originally an American newsboy, but he discovered electricity. Watt was a worker, but he invented the steam engine. Both in ancient and modern China and abroad, many scientists have trained in practice.

XX: When the school system was reformed in the future, students will be able to occupy positions when they reach the age of twenty or twenty-four. Seven years is a later age for starting school, we spend six. There is a problem with the buildings, but if primary school is changed to five years, we can give up some. After four years of college, and one or two years of college preparatory course. Given the different nature of the various courses at the university, you can diversify, and take in 140,000 or 150,000 students each year by one or two years of preparatory studies.

XXX: Before entering college, may take a period and going to work in a factory or a village.

Chairman Mao: You can also go to the army for training.

XX: It's all about literary subjects, but physics is not the problem, the use of mathematics, and if they work for two years could forget.

XX: In the Soviet Union working for two years after graduation than half, then enter faculties of physics and chemistry, if not taken directly.

XX: Except for some special education centers, universities are divided three lengths over: six years, particularly for medicine, engineering five years and four years for literary themes. In most cases courses academics, four years is enough. In the future, the system should be diversified, it should not be a rectangle of different courses. In cities, there should be two types schools, one that leads to college, and another where students graduate in two years, after which initiate the formation of specialty.

Chairman Mao's right: It's true, We need to diversify.

XX: The main problem with the program of study is the lack of centralization, and there are problems we have studied in the past, many issues are discussed in several, each semester there are eight or nine subjects in the study, there are numerous reviews, this creates tension.

Chairman Mao: Today, first, there are many kinds, on the contrary, there are too many books. The pressure is too great. There are issues that need not be taken into account. For example, is not necessary to consider some logic and grammar learned in college. true understanding must be gradually acquired through work experience. I only know that logic and grammar.

XX: Currently cramming everything mechanical memorization and recitation.

XXX: There are two think schools today. One school advocates the teaching of subjects in depth, while the other defenders of their overall master, teaching how reach the control subjects, whether teaching a little less. Currently many schools follow the pattern first, but it is not true that it will not work. As an advocate for doing things thus, they become petrified thinking.

Chairman Mao: That scholasticism. The annotations to the Four Books and Five Classics are too academic, and now they are gone completely unpalatable. Scholastic inevitably become extinct. For example, the study of classical commentaries have been written many, but have now disappeared. I think students formed by this method, whether in China, the United States or the Soviet Union, all disappear, all go to their opposites. The same thing applies to the classics of Buddhism, of which there are two. The version of the Diamond Sutra by Hsuan-tsang published [36] of the Tang Dynasty was relatively simple, just a thousand words strange, and still exists. Another version, published by Kumarajiva, [37] is too long, and disappeared. Making Thirteen Five Classics and the Classic come also the end of the street? They were very heavily annotated, and as nobody reads them later. In XIV and XV, surrendered to the scholastic philosophy, while the XVII, XVIII and XIX [the] world in the era Enlightenment and the Renaissance took place. Do not read too many books. Marxist books we read, but not too well. It's just read a dozen. When we read too much, we can move towards our being bookworms contrary, dogmatic and revisionist. In the writings of Confucius, there is nothing in agriculture. For this reason, members of his pupils were not accustomed to work and could not distinguish between the five grains. We must do something about it.

XXX: There is another issue, which is a political issue of food for students who need to be improved. Each student eats food costs 12.5 yuan per month. We spend another 40 million yuan.

Chairman Mao: It is good to spend another 40 billion yuan.

XXX: We need to place 2-4 yuan [38].

Chairman Mao: You read too many books, which petrify your mind in the end. Emperor Wu of the Liang dynasty did fairly well in its early years, then read many books and not. He died of hunger in Tai Cheng [39].

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Notes
[1.] Spring Festival is the New Year the Chinese lunar calendar.

[2.] The term "democratic parties" often mentioned CPC in the literature, especially in the united front work, it refers specifically to a small group of political parties that have been made largely of members of the national bourgeoisie, the petty bourgeoisie, and patriotic democratic personages. "(They were split between" democratic personages without a party. ") These political parties are not considered in the proletarian class identity or inherently inclined towards socialist revolution. However, developed in the period of new democratic revolution, and the varying degrees of intensity, sided with the CCP in the struggle for the socialist China, and strengthen China's interests in relation with respect to the imperialist invasion. The institutions of 1949 and 1954 provides for the participation of "The characters are not democratic members of any party in the country's political life. The most famous of these was Sung Ching-ling, the widow of Sun Yat-sen. Some non-communist present at the Forum in February 1964 fell into this category, other representatives of small parties.

[3.] The region of Shensi-Kansu-Ningsia was the revolutionary base area was gradually introduced from 1931 by the revolutionary guerrilla war in northern Shensi. When the Central Red Army arrived in northern Shensi, long after March, became the central base area of the revolution and the Central Committee of Communist Party of China. He was named the region of Shensi-Kansu Ningsia after the formation of anti-Japanese National United Front in 1937, and consisted of two forty counties along the common borders of the three provinces.

[4.] "Alien Measures to restrict the party's activities" have been secretly issued by the central authorities of the Kuomintang in 1939. They have imposed severe restrictions the communists and all progressive ideas, words and actions to disrupt all the people anti-Japanese organizations. It also says that in places where the views of Kuomintang, "communist" the most active, the "law of collective responsibility and collective punishment" was to be executed and an information network " or counter-revolutionary secret services, was established usually within organizations Pao-chia. Chia Pao and then were the basic administrative units of the scheme Kuomintang fascist. Ten families formed Chia Chia and ten a pao.

[5]. Chang Shih-chao (1881-1973) had actively participated in the revolutionary movement journalist in the early twentieth century. It was clearly not part of "democratic personages Mao" was addressed in his opening speech.

[6]. On October 30, 1945 Kao Shu-hsun, deputy commander of the Area 11 of the Kuomintang war, rose in the pre-civil war Hanta, the continental Hopei, and came to our side one body and one column. This has been a great influence throughout the country. To intensify the work of division and disintegration of the Kuomintang troops and inciting to rebellion, the Central Committee of Communist Party of China decided to launch a propaganda campaign calling for other officers of the Kuomintang and the men follow the example of Kao Shu-Hsun and his troops, refusing to attack the Liberated Areas sabotage of civil war front, fraternize with the People's Liberation Army rebels and from the side of the people. This movement was known as Shu-Hsun Kao. The KMT became Kao and broke the force.

[7]. Both Kuang Hsu Emperor (reigned 1875-1908) and his successor, Emperor Hsuan Tung had occupied the throne of the life of Mao.

[8]. Tsai-T'ao had control of the Imperial Guard at the time of the revolution 1911. Was considered, in the last years of the dynasty, as one of the most liberal spirit among the members of the imperial clan.

[9]. 24 December 1946, Chung Shen, Peiping University student, was raped by a Marine of the United States. This incident led to major anti-American demonstrations by students in many Chinese cities, and demand the immediate withdrawal of all U.S. military forces.

[10.] In 1964, Mao launched the slogan was: "In industry, learn Tach'ing in agriculture Tachai learn, and since then two of them were considered" Maoist models. Here Mao funds Ministry of Petroleum with the achievements of Tach'ing site in the province of Heilongjiang.

[11.] Kuan Yu (also known as Kuan Kung, the god of war) and Chang Fei were the two main partners of weapons of Liu Pei, the founder of the Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms III century AD In the Romance Three Kingdoms, the famous novel, describes how to handle weapons listed here. Chung Huang Chao [Yun], and Ma [His] were the other three of Liu Pei "Five general tiger. Although Liu Pei, like his two rival claims to be the legitimate ruler of the empire, the territory now controlled by it was mainly that of the Shu United, the current focus of Sichuan, where Mao and his comrades had gathered.

[12.] Nanchang, capital of Jiangxi province, was the scene of the revolt Celebrities August 1, 1927 led by the Communist Party of China to fight against the revolution, Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Ching-wei and continue the revolution 1924-1927. Over thirty thousand soldiers participated in the uprising, led by Chou En-IAI comrades, Chu Ting Ho Lung and Yell. Nanchang retired Army insurgency, August 05 as planned, but suffered a defeat in the approach and Chaochow Swatow in Kwangtung Province. Comrades and led by Chu Chen Yi, a part of the troops later found their way to the mountains Tsingkiang and partnership with the First Division and former workers Peasants Revolutionary Army under Mao Tse-tung.

[13.] Yuan Shi-kai was the chief of the Northern warlords in recent years of the Ching Dynasty. After the Ching Dynasty was overthrown by the Revolution of 1911, usurped Presidency of the Republic and organized the first government of the Northern warlords, which represents large landowners and big comprador classes. He did so by relying armed force against the Revolution and the support of the imperialists and taking advantage of the bourgeois character of the facilitators, who was then leader of the Revolution. In 1915, wanted to be emperor, to gain the support of Japanese imperialism Twenty has accepted the request to Japan to get sole control of all China. In December In the same year, a revolt against his ascension to the throne took place in the province of Yunnan and quickly won the national response to and support. Yuan Shi-kai died in Beijing in June 1916.

[14.] Huang Yen-pei, an advocate of vocational education in the U.S. was a leading figure in the Democratic Republic League during the civil war of 1944-9, and was Minister of Light Industry 1949 1954. In 1964 he was president of the China Democratic National Construction Association, together with membership of the Standing Committee of the Democratic League.

[15.] In 1894, Dr. Sun Yat-sen formed a small organization called Revolutionary Honolulu Hsing Chung Hui (Society for the regeneration of China). With support from the secret societies among the people, he staged two armed uprisings in Guangdong province cons Ching government after its defeat in the Sino-Japanese war in 1895, one in Canton in 1895 and the other in 1900 Huichow.

Tung Meng Hui, or the Chinese Revolutionary League (an organization of the united front of the bourgeoisie, the petty bourgeoisie, and part of the landed aristocracy against government Ching) was formed in 1905 by the merger of the Hsing Chung Hui and two other groups, the Hua Hsing Hui (Society for Regenerating China) Kuang Fu and Hui (Society to break the yoke of abroad). Presented a program of the bourgeois revolution to defend "the expulsion Tartar (Manchu), the recovery of China, the establishment of a republic and equalization of land ownership. In the period of the League of the Chinese revolution, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, allying with the secret societies and some of the new army Ching government has launched a series of armed uprisings against the Ching regime, including Pinghsiang (Kiangsi), Liuyang and Liling (province of rights) in 1906, and Huangkang Chinchow Chaochow (Guangdong Province) and Chennankuan (Kwangsi Province) in 1907 Hokou (Yunnan Province), 1908 and in Canton in 1911. The latter was followed by the elevation itself Wuchnag that led to the downfall of the Ching Dynasty.

[16.] Ancient Shu-Chen Chen is apparently Tong, President of the China Federation of Industry and Trade since 1953. The two "Huang old" and "Old Chen" has been "democratic character" who had worked with the new regime since 1949.

[17.] The second revolution, was attempted in 1913 by forces under the direction of Ts'ai Ao, to overthrow Yuan Shih-kai and stop the movement away from republicanism to a true restoration of the monarchy. Moreover, the government of Chang Shih-chao was minister in 1925 was that of warlord-dominated regime in Beijing, Mao deliberately mentions these two contrasting episodes in the life of Chang Shih-chao, to discuss the wide variety of experiences that his generation has adopted in its search for an answer to the problems of China.

[18.] Hsu Te-heng (1895 -) is a leader students during the May fourth movement was president of the Chiu-san (September Third) Society after Mao, since its founding in 1945. (Society, appointed after the date of the surrender of Japan, is one of the smaller parties involved in the pre-USA). The "Ministry of Industry to Mao called here in the Department of Aquatic Products, which Hsu had led since 1956.

[19.] The Association for the promotion of democracy were the parties minor, originally founded in Shanghai in 1945, composed mainly of intellectuals in their ranks.

[20.] Kuo Tzu-i (697-781), a famous general T'ang dynasty, there were eight seven son-in-law and grandchildren were so numerous that he could not recognize, and had concluded at the time they arrived to present tribute.

[21]. Chin-shih, a candidate for the highest ("Metropolitan" followed by "palace") awards, as the system examination approved by dynasties autocractic China. It was a method used by the feudal ruling class for the selection of personnel to govern the people and also to encourage intellectuals. The system, which dates from the seventh century, has persisted in the 20th century. Han-lin, a member of the Han-lin Academy, now in Ming times the preservation of that had achieved a special award from the palace examinations.

[22.] Han Yu (768-824) and Liu Tsung-Ynan (773-819) were friends and contemporaries, poets and essayists have been so distinguished periods of exile during his official career. Han Yu was considered primarily as one of the greatest prose writers in history China, as a student in Changsha, Mao learned to take it as a model of essay writing.

[23.] Wang Shih-fu and Kuan Han-ching have been the famous playwrights Yuan Dynasty, which flourished in the late thirteenth century. Wang is the author of the history of the Western Chamber.

[24.] The Kuan-chung (14th century AD) was the author of Romance of Three Kingdoms, the historical novel. Pu Sung-ling (born 1622) is known for its famous collection of tales of the supernatural.

[25.] Hsiu-tsai, exams literalness "talent cultivation", the popular name of a candidate Lowest prefectures or, more correctly called Chen-yuan, or "fired." Although it "has received a promotion" for the imperial graduate dean, he could not take the next step higher in the examination system itself, provincial exam, and therefore did not receive the corresponding title Chu-jen ("selected the man"), or the ability to take the exam metropolitan.

[26.] Ming Tai-Tsu, the founder of the dynasty, ruled from 1368-1399, Cheng-tsu, the third emperor of the dynasty, ruled from 1403 in 1425. the Chia-ching reign lasted from 1522-1567.

[27.] Han Wu Ti, the emperor "Marcial" of the Han Dynasty, reigned BC 140-86

[28]. Liu Hsiu (4 BC-57) overthrew the usurper Wang Mang in 25 and founded the Later Han Dynasty (or Eastern Han) dynasty. Liu Pang (247-195 BC) founded the dynasty They originated in the year 206 BC C.

[29.] The character can be read shu a name, which means book or written document (in this case, a history book) or a verb meaning to write, especially in the sense of writing in a delicate hand. Normally, the list of six issues of Confucius or the arts, the goal is calligraphy.

[30.] The Shu Ching (Historical Classic) is one of the "Thirteen Classics, and the Analects of Confucius, the Book of Odes, etc. Han Shu is that history conventional Han Dynasty

[31.] "Walk on" two legs was one of the main slogans of the Great Leap Forward of 1958-9. They are mainly used in reference to economic policy development combined to characterize a large-scale modern technology and use of small-scale indigenous methods. Here is used to propose a similar approach to education, combing the schools (mainly in cities) with modern facilities and a school program developed simpler and more basic needs and opportunities in the field.

[32.] XXX, which was not proposed defense policy tibia "Great Leap" decommissioning experience, he said, as useful as a corrective to the technocratic Soviet-style attitudes prevalent before, has gone too far, and would led to unfortunate results if the clock had not returned. Their contracts sharply with the emphasis of Comrade Mao Tse-tung in the next paragraph.

[33.] Li Shih-chen (1518-1598) was the author of the mu Pen'ts'ao Kang (Index of roots and herbs), announces an agreement of more than 1,000 useful plants purposes medicines.

[34.] A tenth-century mathematician.

[35.] A stringed instrument similar to a lute-playing capacity, he was part general culture of the literary set.

[36.] On his return to China in 645, after a pilgrimage to sixteen years in India, where he shot a number of Buddhist scriptures, the monk Huan-tsang (602-64) chaired the translation of not less than 1338 chapters in the remaining years of his fife.

[37.] Kumarajiva (350-413), a Buddhist scholar who studied in Kashmir, has been brought to the imperial capital of Ch'ang-an in 401, and put in charge of the translation Texts Buddhist scriptures. These versions, the best of their time, were replaced later by the translation "new" Hsuan-Tsang and his successors, not because to its length, but because they were not accurate enough.

[38.] Obviously, the figure of 40 million yuan will be referred to the total annual food bill, while that the number of yuan in February to April shows a corresponding increase in the monthly amount per pupil. The best available estimates, there were at that time, about three-quarters of a million Chinese students in higher educational institutions. Therefore, both figures are more or less coherent.

[39.] Hsiao yen (464-549) occupied Nanking in 501 and was proclaimed the first emperor of the Liang dynasty, the following year. A student of Buddhism and bookish, he was unable to implement his good intentions in reforming the administration. When T'ai Ch'eng fell to an ally of the rebels in 549, was allowed to die of hunger and despair in a monastery where had been withdrawn.

About the Author

David Ray Griffin to speak on 9/11 at Boston Univ., April 11, 2009

Philosophy, Politics, Democracy: Selected Essays $47.27 Over the past twenty years, Joshua Cohen has explored the most controversial issues facing the American public: campaign finance and political equality, privacy rights and robust public debate, hate speech and pornography, and the capacity of democracies to address important practical problems. In this highly anticipated volume, Cohen draws on his work in these diverse topics to develop an argument about what he calls, following John Rawls, "democracy’s public reason." He rejects the conventional idea that democratic politics is simply a contest for power, and that philosophical argument is disconnected from life. Political philosophy, he insists, is part of politics, and its job is to contribute to the public reasoning about what we ought to do. At the heart of Cohen’s normative vision for our political life is an ideal of democracy in which citizens and their representatives deliberate about the requirements of justice and the common good. It is an idealistic picture, but also firmly grounded in the debates and struggles in which Cohen has been engaged over nearly three decades. "Philosophy, Politics, Democracy" explores these debates and considers their implications for the practice of democratic politics.