political parties and interest groups similarities
What China can learn from Switzerland in terms of social, political, economic and environmental
Introduction
China, being a newly created a number of issues that can learn from their Swiss counterparts. This is due to economic situations Switzerland, social and environmental policies differ significantly from that of China. The article examines these teachings in the context of our sub-general positions and a recommendation given at the end of it.
What China can learn from the political situation in Switzerland
The Chinese government has a long com way from its dark days in the eighties when the country was faced with an oppressive regime. While Switzerland can not be perfect in this area China could learn from the Swiss Government's commitment in the fight against corruption. In the performance index of the world, Switzerland has been ranked as a major contributor to the world. According to recent surveys, government officials ensure that taxpayer dollars are allocated projects or plans on the right. China does not rank very well in this survey which indicates that the Chinese government still faces many corruption in their ranks. By promoting transparency, the resources are allocated to those who legitimately deserve therefore increase economic stability and robustness.
The political scene was characterized by the Chinese Communist Party and his regime for more than three decades. This system is still running the government. While the government has been able to achieve much more economically, it has advocated for democratic principles. For example, the party has been accused of tyranny by many Chinese voters. These groups argued that the elections are Chinese not enough light and it is certainly the interruption of real democracy. Many people in China suffering the country has been marred by protests against the government. For example, workers are opposed to the Communist Party's position on labor relations and employee rights. government officials responded to these protests, saying that China can not be a replica of the western United States. However, this is the point where it is seriously deceived the Chinese government, there is a reason the people in your country is not at all satisfied with the way government runs its business and why people Switzerland seems to be happier with the government. The Chinese government must change how they operate by creating a true democracy.
In Switzerland, the real democracy is represented by the fact that this government is a word thought of stable institutions in the world. (Wolf et al, 2007) is because the system has brought together representatives from a number of politicians in the country. These are
- UDC
- Christian Democratic Party
- Social Democratic Party
- Free Democratic Party
The country is aware that the executive has two representatives from each of these parties, except the SVP, which has a single representative. Although this agreement was not perfect, has come a long way to ensure that the executive Switzerland represents the interests of his people. Even if a member must be removed, usually a person of a similar linguistic groups and the same party is elected to represent. This system of government has been established since 1959, to day (with some minor modifications in 2003). China should be considered as an alternative. They have the opportunity to create a system that allows real Democracy in representing the views of its people. The Chinese system should be changed so people to enter the representation in the arms of some leaders. It may be plausible to emulate the entire system and the integration of elements of this system, which the Chinese government a long way in establishing economic freedom.
China's main problem lies in the fact that they recognize the importance of democratic institutions. The Communist Party is governed by communist ideals. As seen in other parts of the world such as the Soviet Union, Communism is not to destroy the people they intend to help or protect. The Chinese government could learn from their counterparts Swiss that the rights of the common man must prevail. Although the Chinese government does not impose its rules on his people directly, not enough evidence to demonstrate that it does behind the scenes. The government must ensure well-being of citizens and maintaining their personal interests.
China's policies have also been questioned because of the way the government responded to some of the opposing forces. An example of this is the issue of Tibet. Tibet and Communist Party have been consistent in the fight against and now in the twentieth century. In the mid-fifties, Tibet entered in serious confrontation with the Chinese government calling for the exile of the Dalai Lama. The Tibetan leader has been constant during clashes with the Chinese government calling for Tibet's independence through peaceful solutions. the failures of the Chinese Government on handling this problem came to light when some people were arrested and injured in force before the 2008 Olympics. This case illustrates the fact that the Chinese government still a long way to go in terms of solving the problems of their citizens. China has seriously jeopardized the rights of the Tibetan people, not listening their leader (the Dalai Lama) regardless of whether the leader is, in fact, the search for peaceful solutions to problems between the two groups.
As on the Tibetan crisis, the Chinese government could learn from Switzerland. When Switzerland is faced with problems that affect a large number of people, then they usually apply the system of direct democracy. Direct democracy in Switzerland is unique in that any member can change policies State if they can demonstrate their strong support for the policy the rest of the population. All you have to do is to raise fifty thousand signatures in one hundred days. The question is then taken to Parliament, where he addresses people. The nation is usually required to vote on the matter one day and the person receives a majority of votes, then it becomes law. In addition, Swiss citizens have the right to change any part of the Constitution which they believe represents of their rights if they are a hundred thousand signatures within eighteen months. This is known as the lead general and allows citizens to question certain laws. In general, the government has an interest in the land cons s the same day that the vote will be OUT. Note that the counter is not something that is totally opposed to the proposal of a citizen, however, is an attempt to change some of the wording of the amendment. A national vote is usually conducted and if the voters decide the issue, it is transmitted.
China faces the problem of treatment of the Tibetan issue. It could create for this particular mechanism, the conflict in Tibet (as it may be difficult to try to establish direct democracy in the country in all cases). Perhaps Similar rules apply to the Chinese public and the right to vote for or against independence for Tibet.
What China can learn economic situation in Switzerland
Income inequality remains a major problem in China, even after years of success between 2002 2007. The reason for these inequalities is apparent that unlike the Swiss government, the Chinese governor has a direct approach to control economy country. This could be the reason why China is facing challenges here and there. For example, before the economic boom, the Chinese government has created programs that people depend on the first. Therefore, when the government abruptly changed its position, the high unemployment rate and began income disparities collapsed. China may adopt the approach of the Swiss government on economic governance. (See Economy, 2008) The Swiss government is rarely abrupt changes in policy that could destabilize the entire macroeconomic system. Because they realize that this may cause short-term benefits, but to bring big problems in the long term. (SBS, 2007)
Like today China's economy remains largely driven by drivers of a certain capital. If you want to export products from China, have generally to enjoy a network of friends or relatives who are in other parts of the world (particularly Asia) to succeed in foreign markets. Usually, these networks are created by individuals who have links with the government, are the controllers of capital and ensure that capital remains within its boundaries. This approach to doing business is very damaging for the country. Even non-governmental organizations formed to verify the mechanisms of Government to control the trade are the property of the state. One wonders how an organization can hope to create economic policies freedom of movement when it is owned by the same entity that is supposed to check. Some economists have argued that in China, it is very difficult to separate the state and economy that the two are one and the same thing. This approach to business can be effective in creating policies for the good of the country. But in the long term, this system leaves too much power in the hands of some well connected individuals are bound to be abused.
The China could learn from their Swiss counterparts operating in a free market economy. Issues such as economic networks are rare among the population Switzerland, regardless of the fact that Switzerland participates in a large part of international trade. It should be noted here that when a company must be created in the rest of the world, after the operator must operate in economic conditions rather than relying on personal relationships. This has encouraged equity in resource allocation and is the reason why the Swiss economy is very stable.
What China can learn from the Swiss social situation
(See Economy, 2008)
can be seen above, the rate of growth population of Switzerland was 0.4% between 2005 and 2006. Its growth rate declined between 2006 and 2007. However, the fall was not as marginal the country has managed to hold off the ever-changing population composition. However, in China the same matter has not been case. China has introduced a measure that would reduce the rate of population growth has therefore announce an only child and policies. Although this created short-term benefits to control population growth, the country's youth population has declined dramatically. This is One reason why the dramatic years of the Chinese economy have disappeared. (Brooks and Tao, 2007) China can learn from their counterparts in Switzerland by the control its population, so that its economy will not be affected by it.
In terms of social system of China, a number of indicators that China could borrow from Switzerland. For example, if you relax the control of government in matters of religion. Time and again, the Chinese government has been accused by critics of international and local media of his excessive religious control. The reason behind this is that China sees religion as a threat for its socialist system. Thus, in response, China has established a mechanism that religions records. As if this were not enough, the government has established policies that govern how these religions are managed so that they can strengthen their definition of social stability. The Chinese government believes they must look for ways they can work together with other religions so that you can start your patriotism in these systems. To demonstrate, the government Chinese on this issue, simply visit religious seminaries, where young leaders are expected to education and social policy, dictated by government. (John, 2006)
However, the Chinese government may be slipping to their citizens through the application of this method is because, in order to respect the freedom of its citizens, no government has to realize that politics and religion are separate entities, as is the case in Switzerland. The political institutions in Switzerland not interfere in the management of religious affairs, unless these acts are contrary to the rights of other citizens. The Chinese government seems to run in fear of religious leaders, arguing that these leaders can not destabilize the government or even destroy it. The citation The following illustrates the seriousness of this problem is;
"… Since the 1980s, pernicious organizations have sprung up in parts of China engage in illegal and even criminal activities under the banner of religion. Some of the heads of these pseudo-religions distort religious doctrines, create heresies, deceive the masses, refuse to obey state laws and decrees, and incite people to overthrow the government "
(Rules of the Chinese White Paper, 1997)
The latter claims only serve to create a climate of tension between the Chinese people and their leaders. A much safer approach to the method of Switzerland. This country is in so that citizens can follow and religious denomination they want. Same in public institutions, the practice is always the same. In Switzerland, the children are taught religious subjects, but from different religions not to attend these classers. The country also recognizes the fact that there are atheists and those who are in such situations are not required to attend classes. This example illustrates how the Swiss government is committed to religious freedom. In addition, the Swiss Constitution is the primary determinant of practice religious. No person (including officials) are allowed to oppress another person the right to freedom of religion. In this country, no above the law. However, in China, it seems that the Constitution appears as a minor problem, when the government decided to take a position on an issue particular religious. China should follow the example of Switzerland to make all government officials and officials with the constitution. (ICRF, 2002)
Swiss to respect another person may be considered by the fact that the government has created a number of organizations that facilitate the meditation of these issues in the case where the oppression of the rights of individuals are produced. These projects include
- Federal Service the fight against racism
- The local consultation centers
- Tolerance Centre in Bern
- projects tolerance Semitism
- etc.
The Swiss government recognizes the fact that society will always be divisions. One of the most common is racism, which approached the government through the programs of the latter mentioned. Right Service for the fight against racism was created by Swiss government address anti-Semitism in society. This organization is in the twenty-six states or cantons in Switzerland. Therefore, it is now possible for victims of racial prejudice to help these institutions of government. This program was established in 2002. He began to perform its function by the creation of local centers that make it easier for victims of racial or religious prejudices to report their cases and seek advice. To demonstrate the government's commitment to the question of eradicating racial or religious discrimination, the government allocated five million Swiss francs to be used in local schools in 2002.
The Chinese government can also learn from this experience through creating systems that improve accountability racial or religious. However, since the problem of religious freedom is more urgent than any other form of discrimination (Ze, 2008), then the Chinese government can find ways to implement such a program. They could start by changing Constitution to make way for the fight against religious discrimination. They then make the Constitution supreme over other stakeholders. A neutral party can be appointed to investigate these cases of discrimination and whether government officials are guilty of the same, they should be expelled from their positions. This neutral body coordination could inform the public about the availability of such mechanisms. It could also ensure and guarantee that those brave enough to denounce discrimination are protected against religious persecution. Religious freedom was a major problem in the economy Chinese, but thanks to a Swiss model as, China may be on track to establish a greater respect for human rights.
What China can learn from the environmental situation in Switzerland
environmental controls in Switzerland are among the most effective the world. This is because the Government has demonstrated its commitment to the fight against environmental degradation environment. Poplutaion some Chinese ports the largest numbers of consumers worldwide. This also means that these people are related to affect its environment to a greater extent than their counterparts Switzerland. The Chinese government has tried to stem the instantiation mechanisms that excessive degradation of the environment, but it seems that if these mechanisms are not in conformity with the situation on the ground. (Jung, 2007)
In terms of wood consumption, China has been accused of felling a large number of trees in Brazil to meet the needs of their paper industries. The government has done nothing to curb this problem. In addition, emissions such industrial countries are also at high levels due to the fact that it is the major export center. Some of the household products more common in the world are manufactured in China. Until now, the Chinese government has established as minimum measures that can help control levels of these emissions.
China could learn the environmental laws of Switzerland because the government limits the latter has different emission sources carbon. In addition, industries that require few raw materials, the environment must be accountability in public representation goodwill. (Ortalano and Ma, 2000)
In terms of energy consumption, China has a huge demand for gas used to drive their cars. Most of these cars have little or no filtering carbon emissions in the atmosphere. In addition, Chinese consumers are not considered as part of the fuel economy methods that could be used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in excess in the atmosphere. The Swiss government was very keen on this subject and their approach could be a lesson for the Chinese government in the future. In Switzerland, many cars have installed filtration with activated carbon and therefore emit carbon into the atmosphere minimum.
Conclusion
Switzerland is politically, economically, socially and environmentally stable. It has also been recognized as a world-class status for period much longer than China. Therefore, it is well that they can learn from the first. The main political lesson draw from Switzerland is to establish greater democracy. The Communist Party abroad may appear effective, but much suffering. Socially China can learn from Switzerland to reduce religious discrimination. This can be done by creating laws that the government accountable. On the economic front, China can learn from Switzerland for the separation of politics from the economy as is the case in China today. Finally, the Chinese government should be more vigilant about their environmental policies than their counterparts in Switzerland. (Ortalano and Ma, 2000)
Reference
Brooks and Tao (2007), the performance of the labor market of China and challenges, IMF Working Paper 03/210, International Monetary Fund
John B. (2006), Understanding China: A Guide to the Chinese economy, history and political structure, Prentice Hall
W. Jung (2007), the impact Environmental industrialization in East Asia, publishers Springer
Loren C. et al (2008), growth and structural transformation in China, Cambridge University Press
Ortalano, L, Ma X (2000): Environmental Regulation in China: institutions, enforcement and compliance; Rowman & Littlefield
(SBS, 2007): The values of the Chinese market; Retrieved from www.sse.com.cn / ssereport,
Wolf, L. et al (2007) Manuel Swiss Politics, Neue Zürcher Zeitung editorial
ICRF (2002): Religious freedom in Switzerland, in http://www.state.gov/ accessed 24 September
Ze, H. (2008): The reality of the democratic demand of China, The Guardian July 13, 2008
Economy Watch (2008): The economy of Switzerland, in
consulted September 24
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