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The origins of Judaism

The Patriarchs and the Origins of Judaism

Level: Basic

Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, known as the Patriarchs, are both physical and spiritual ancestors of Judaism. They founded the religion now known as the Judaism and their descendants are the Jewish people. Of course, technically, is wrong with Abraham, Isaac and Jacob as Jews, because words "Jew" and "Judaism" is not generally used to refer to this nation for hundreds of years and again, however, for convenience, and in accordance with common practice, I use these terms.

The story is written and then betraying the Talmud, Mishra and other sources. Modern scholars question the existence of the Patriarchs and the historical accuracy of this information, but it is interesting that the researchers also questioned the existence of Babylon and Troy … until archaeologists found them.

Abraham

According to Jewish tradition, Abraham was born under the name Abram in the city of Ur in Babylonia in the year 1948 from creation (1800 BC). He was the son of Terah, an idol merchant, but from his childhood, he question the faith of his father and sought the truth. He came to believe that the universe was the work of a single Creator, and he began to teach this belief to others.

Abram tried to convince his father, Terah, the folly of idolatry. One day, when Abram was left alone to mind the store, took a hammer and destroyed all idols except the largest. He put the hammer in the hand of the biggest idols. When his father returned and asked what happened, Abram said, " idols got into a fight, and shattered all the great people. "His father said:" Do not be ridiculous. These idols have no life or power. They can not do anything. "Abram replied," Then why you love them? "

Finally, a truth that the Creator had loved called Abram, and made him an offer: if Abraham left his home and his family, then Di-s would make a great nation and bless him. Abram accepted this offer, and the pact B'rit () Between God and the Jewish people was created. (Genesis 12).

B'rit idea is fundamental to traditional Judaism: we have a commitment, a contract Di-s, which implies rights and obligations of both parties. We obligations on Di-s, Di-s and has certain obligations to us. The terms of this B'rit became more explicit over time, until the gift of the Torah. Abram was subjected to ten tests of faith to prove its solvency to the alliance. Leaving home is one of these tests.

Abram, raised as a city dweller, adopted a nomadic lifestyle, traveling through what is now the land of Israel for many years. God promised this land to the descendants of Abram. Abram is called in Hebrew (Ivri), possibly because he was a descendant of Eber (Gen. 11), or perhaps because they came from the other side "(Eber) of the Euphrates.

But Abram was concerned, because he had no children and he was getting old. beloved wife of Abram, Sarai, knew that there was past childbearing years, and offered her maid, Hagar, to Abram as a wife. This has been a common practice in the area at the time. According to tradition, Hagar was the daughter of Pharaoh, Abram gave him during his travels to Egypt. She gave birth to a son to Abraham and Ishmael, who, according to Jewish and Muslim tradition, is the ancestor of Arabs. (Genesis 16)

When Abram and Sarai was 100 90, Di-s promised Abram a son of Sarai. Di-s changed his name from Abram to Abraham (father of many) and Sarai to Sarah (from "my princess" to "princess"). Sarah bore Abraham a son, Isaac (in Hebrew Isaac), a name derived from the word "laugh" expressing the joy of having a son to Abraham in his old age. (Gen 17-18). Isaac is the ancestor of the peopl Jewsih. Thus, the conflict between Arabs and Jews can be considered a form of sibling rivalry!

Isaac

Isaac has been the test tenth and most difficult of the faith of Abraham, God commanded Abraham to sacrifice Isaac as a sacrifice. (Genesis 22). This test is known in Jewish tradition as Akeidah (binding, a reference to the fact that Isaac was bound on the altar).

However, this test is also an extraordinary demonstration Isaac's faith, because according to Jewish tradition, Isaac knew he had to be sacrificed, but he did not resist, and was reunited with his father's devotion.

At the last moment, God sent an angel to stop sacrifices. It is interesting to note that child sacrifice was a common practice in the area at the time. Therefore, for the people of the time, what is striking about this story is not that God asked Abraham to sacrifice his son, but Di-s stopped!

Judaism uses this story as proof that God hates human sacrifice. In fact, I've seen some sources indicate that Abraham failed this test of faith because it has refused to sacrifice his son! Judaism has always strongly opposed the practice of human sacrifice, common in many other cultures at the time and place.

Isaac married Rebecca (Rivka), who gave your child of twins, Jacob (Ya'akov) and Esau. (Genesis 25).

Jacob (Israel)

Jacob and Esau, his brother were at war with each other even before birth. They fought in the womb of Rebecca. Esau was Isaac's favorite, because it was a good fighter, but most of the Spirit "Jacob was the favorite Rebecca.

Esau had little interest in the spiritual heritage of their forefathers, and sold his birthright to Jacob spiritual direction for a plate of lentil stew. When Isaac was old, Rebecca tricked into giving him a blessing of Jacob to Esau. Esau was angry about it, and the right of primogeniture, Jacob fled to live with his uncle, where he met his beloved Rachel. Jacob was tricked into marrying Rachel's older sister, Leah, but later married Rachel, well, and Bilhah Rachel and Leah, and maidservants Zilphah. Among these four, the father of the son of Jacob 12 and a daughter.

After many years living with and working for his uncle, father-in-law, Jacob returned to his homeland and sought reconciliation with his brother Esau. He prayed to God and gave his brother gifts. The night before go to meet his brother, sent his wife, son, and things across the river, and was alone with Di-s. That night, he fought with a man up dawn. To the Dawn Jacob asked the blessing of man and man "revealed himself as an angel." blessed Jacob and gave him the name "Israel" (Israel), which means "One who wrestled with God" or "the champion of God." The Jewish people are usually called the Children of Israel, which means the descent of Jacob. The next day, Jacob met Esau and was welcomed by him.

Children of Israel

12 Jacob begat son, Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Zebulun, Issachar, Dan, Gad, Asher, Naphtali, Joseph and Benjamin. They are the ancestors of the tribes of Israel, and for which the tribes are named. José is the father of two tribes: Manasseh and Ephraim.

Joseph's older brothers were jealous of him because he was the favorite of his father, and because he had visions that would lead to everyone. They sold Joseph into slavery and convinced their father that Joseph was dead. But it was part of Joseph has been God'slan Egypt, where his ability to interpret visions have earned him a place in Pharaoh's court, paving the way for the solution after his family in Egypt.

The Exodus and the giving of the Torah

For centuries, the descendants of Israel became slaves in Egypt. They have suffered greatly under the hand of Pharaoh more later. But God led the children of Israel from Egypt led by Moses. God takes you on a journey through the desert to Mount Sinai. Here, God has revealed to the children of Israel and offered them a high commitment: if people listen to God s and observe his covenant, then it is the most beloved country, a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. (Ex 19). Di-s revealed the Torah to his people, both written and oral Torah, and the nation responded: "All that the Lord has spoken we will!" According to Jewish tradition, every Jewish soul that born was at that time and agreed to be bound by this covenant.

Moses, Aaron and Miriam

Level: Basic

Moses, Aaron and Miriam were the heads of the children of Israel at a time crucial in our history: the exodus from Egypt and forty years of wandering in the desert before the people entered the Promised Land.

Whole book could be write about the history of these three people. In fact, four books have been written: the biblical books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy, which tell the story of his life and times. This page can not begin to scratch the surface.

The following story comes from the written Torah, Talmud, Midrash and other sources. When the information comes directly from the Bible, quotations provided.

As with the stories of the patriarchs, modern scholars question the historical accuracy of this information, but researchers also said that the Torah could not have been written at this time because the alphabetic writing there was … and then samples archaeologists uncovered 4,000-year-old of alphabetic writing.

Moses

Moses was the greatest prophet, leader and teacher leader that Judaism has ever known. In fact, one of Rambam's 13 Principles of Faith is the belief that the prophecies Moses are true, and he was the greatest prophet. It is called "Moshe Rabbeinu," that is, Moses, our teacher / rabbi. Interestingly, the value number of "Moshe Rabbeinu is 613: the number of commandments that Moses taught the children of Israel He is described as the only person who ever has seen God face to face (Deut. 34:10) and word of mouth (Numbers 12:8), which means that God spoke to Moses s directly, in simple language, not by visions and dreams that God has communicated with other prophets.

Moses was born on 7 Adar in the year 2368 from Creation (1400 BC), son of Amram, a member of the tribe of Levi, and Yocheved, the daughter of Levi's (Exodus 6:16-20). Unlike the heroes Many ancient cultures, Moses did not have a miraculous birth. Amram married Yocheved, and she conceived and gave birth (Ex. 2:1-2). The only thing unusual about his birth is Yocheved advanced age: Yocheved was born while Jacob and his family were entering Egypt, while it was 130, when Moses was born. His father gave him the name of Chavez and his grandfather called Avigdor, but is known in history as Moses, a name given by Pharaoh's daughter.

The name "Moses" comes from a root meaning "take away" because Moses has had in the river (Exodus 2:10). Some modern scholars say the SSM root in Egyptian means "son of", as in the name Ramasis (Son of Ra), but it is interesting to note that the name of Moses in Hebrew is M-Sh-H no, MSS. According to a Jewish source, Pharaoh's daughter actually named him Minio, which means "learned" in Egyptian, and the name (Moses) Moses was a Hebrew translation of that name, as a Russian immigrant named Ivan might change its name to the English equivalent, John.

Moses was born in a very difficult time, the Pharaoh had ordered all male children born to Hebrew slaves should be drowned in the river (Exodus 1:22). Yocheved hid Moses for three months, and when he could no longer hide as a little ark and placed it in the river where Pharaoh's daughter bathed (Ex. 2:2-3). Pharaoh's daughter found the girl and felt sorry for him (Exodus 2:6). At the suggestion of Sister Mirriam Moses, Pharaoh's daughter hired Yocheved nurse until weaned Moses (Exodus 2:7-10). Yocheved instilled in Moses knowledge of their heritage and love of his people, which could not be erased by 40 years he spent in Pharaoh's court Semite.

Little is known about youth Moses. The biblical narrative skips from his adoption by Pharaoh's daughter's murder of the Egyptian tyrant 40 years later. A traditional story says when he was a child, sitting on the lap of Pharaoh, Moses took the crown of the pharaoh's head off and put it on. The court magicians took this as a bad and asked him to sign the test: they put a brazier full of gold and a brazier full of coals before him to see where it would take. If Moses took the gold, going to kill. An angel guided Moses's hand coal, and put it in your mouth, leaving him with a speech impediment throughout life (Exodus 4:10).

Although Moses was raised by Egyptians, his compassion for his people was so great that he could not bear to see beaten by Pharaoh's taskmasters. One day, when Moses was about 40 years, he saw an Egyptian beating a Hebrew slave, and he was so angry that he struck and killed the Egyptian (Exodus 2:11-12). But when his two colleagues and Pharaoh ordered the Israelites to this action, Moses had to flee to Egypt (Exodus 2:14-15).

He fled to Midian, where he met and married Zipporah, the daughter of a Midianite priest (Ex. 2:16-21). They had a son, Gershom (Exodus 2:22). Moses spent 40 years in Midian tending countries the sheep of his father-in-law. A midrash tells that Moses was chosen to lead the children of Israel because of his kindness to animals. By bringing the sheep to a river of water, one lamb failed. Moses went to the lamb and little attention to water to drink. Like God, Moses cared about each individual in the group, not only in the group as a whole. This shows that it was worth a shepherd to the flock of God.

I'm sure everyone knows what happened then – if you have not read the book, then you've probably seen the film. Di-s appeared to Moses and chose him to lead the people from slavery in Egypt and the Promised Land (Exodus Ch. 3-4). With the help of his brother Aaron, Moses said to Pharaoh and triggered the plagues against Egypt (Exodus ch. 4-12). He then led the people through Egypt and the sea to freedom, and is on Mount Sinai, where God gave the Torah to the people and the people accepted (Exodus Ch. 12-24).

God revealed the Torah to all Moses. The entire Torah includes the first five books of the Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy) that Moses himself wrote Di-s as he instructed. It also includes all the remaining prophecies and that the story was later documented in other books of Scripture, and all of the oral Torah, the oral tradition for the interpretation of the Torah, which would later be written in the Talmud. Moses spent the rest of his life to write first five books, mostly under the dictates of God.

After Moses received instruction on the law of God and how to interpret, returned the people and began to hear and judge cases by the people, but quickly becomes too much for one man. On the advice of his father-in-law, Yitro, Moses instituted a judiciary (Exodus 18:13-26).

Moses was not perfect. Like any man, he had his flaws and his moments of weakness and the Bible faithfully records these shortcomings. In fact, Moses was not allowed to enter the Promised Land because of a transgression (Deut. 32:48-52). Moses told talk to a rock to get water, but instead struck the rock repeatedly with a stick, which shows the wrath of an inadequate and lack of faith (Numbers 20:7-13).

Moses died in 2488, just before the people crossed into the promised land (Deuteronomy 32:51). He finished writing the first five books of the Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy) before his death. There is some disagreement as to who physically wrote the verses of Deuteronomy years Recent: according to some, Moses wrote in recent years towards a vision of the future, but according to others, the last verses were added by Joshua after the death of Moses. In all cases, these verses, like everything in the Torah, were written by God, and the real identity of the type is not important.

Moses leading Israel was not hereditary. His son, Gershom, did not inherit the leadership of Israel. Moses was appointed successor to Joshua son of Nun (Deut. 34:9).

Moses was 120 when he died (Deut. 34:7). This period is considered ideal life, and has become proverbial: one way to love someone good in the tradition Jewish is, "May you live in 120!

Moses was also important that the children of Israel, it is always important to remember that Moses himself did not was deliverer or redeemer of Israel. It was God who redeemed Israel, not Moses. Moses was the prophet of God, his spokesman said. The traditional text of the Passover Haggadah even mention the name of Moses. To prevent people from idolatrous worship of Moses, his grave left unmarked (Deut. 34:6).

Aaron

Aaron was the older brother of Moses. Born in 2365, three years before Moses before Pharaoh edict requiring the death of boys in Hebrew. It is the ancestor koheins all, the founder of the priesthood, and the first Kohein Gadol (High Priest). Aaron and his descendants tended the altar and offered sacrifices. Aaron's role, unlike Moses was inherited, his son continued the priesthood after him (Numbers 20:26).

Aaron was the spokesman of Moses. As before above, Moses was not eloquent and had a speech impediment, Aaron spoke for him (Exodus 4:10-16). Contrary to popular belief, Aaron was not, Moses, who threw the staff became a snake before Pharaoh (Exodus 7:10-12). Aaron was not Moses, who had his cane to trigger the first three plagues against Egypt (Exodus 7:19-20; Ex 8:1-2 or 8:5-6, Ex 8:12-13 or 8:16-17). According to Jewish tradition, Aaron also has been Signs for the elderly before going to Pharaoh (Exodus 4:30).

Aaron personal as the most significant is that he was a peacemaker. His love of peace is proverbial, Rabbi Hillel said, "Be of the disciples of Aaron, loving peace and the pursuit of peace, loving people and bringing them closer to Torah." According to to tradition, when Aaron heard that two people were fighting, he would go to each of them, and tell them how others regretted his action, until the two agreed to face each other as friends.

In fact, Aaron loved peace until he became involved in the incident of the golden calf (Exodus 32), construction Idol, to avoid dissension within the people. Aaron intended to buy time until Moses returned from Mount Sinai (he was late, and people are concerned) to discourage people who ask to leave their precious jewels for the idol, and to show them the error of their ways in time (Exodus 32:22).

Aaron like Moses, died in the desert, just before people entered the Promised Land (Numbers 20).

Miriam

Aaron and his sister Miriam Elder Moses. According to some sources, was seven years older than Moses, but other sources indicate it was greater than. Some sources indicate that Miriam was Puah, one of midwives who saved babies from Pharaoh's edict against them Hebrew (Exodus 1:15-19).

Miriam was a prophetess in her own name (Exodus 15:20), first woman in that way is described in Scripture (although Sarah is also regarded as a prophetess, that word does not apply to it in the Scriptures). According to tradition, predicted before Moses was born his parents give birth to the person who would be in the redemption of his people.

Miriam waited among the reeds, while the arc Moses was in the river, we watched to ensure it was OK (Exodus 2:4). When Pharaoh's daughter called to Moses out of water for your mother Miriam, Yocheved, Moses and nurse up until weaning (Exodus 2:7-9).

Miriam led the women of Israel in song and dance of celebration after Pharaoh's men drowned in the sea (Exodus 15:20-21). She is said to be the ancestor of other creative geniuses in the history of Israel: Bezalel, the architect of Mishkan (the portable sanctuary used in the desert) (Ex. 31:1-3) and King David.

According to tradition, because of the righteousness of Miriam, a people care in the desert throughout their travels, and have remained with them until the death of Miriam.

Like his brothers, Miriam was not perfect. He took his brother Aaron speak against Moses on a matter involving an Ethiopian woman who had married (Zipporah, or perhaps a second wife) (Numbers 12:1). Also opposed to his leadership, noting that he had no monopoly of divine communication (Num 12:2). To do this, Miriam was punished tzaaras (a condition usually translated as leprosy) (Num. 12:10). However, Aaron was in his favor, and was healed (Numbers 12:11).

Prophets and Prophecy

Level:

What Prophet?

Many people today think of a prophet as any person who sees the future. While the gift of prophecy certainly includes the ability to see the future, a prophet is more than just a person with this ability.

A prophet is, in fact, a spokesman for God a person chosen by God to talk to people in the name of Di-s and transmit a message or teaching. Prophets were models of holiness, scholarship and closeness to study God. Setting standards for the entire community.

The Hebrew word for prophet, Navi (Nun-Yod Aleph-Bet) niv sefatayim the term which means "fruit of lips", which focuses on the role of the prophet as a speaker.

Talmud teaches that hundreds of thousands of prophets: twice the number of people who left Egypt, which was 600,000. But most prophets who were sent only to his own generation and were not reported in Scripture. Scripture identifies only 55 prophets of Israel.

A prophet is not necessarily a man. Scripture records the stories of seven women prophets listed below, the Talmud reports that Sarah's prophetic ability was superior to that of Abraham.

Prophet is not necessarily a Jew. The Talmud reports that there were prophets among the gentiles (including Balaam, whose story is told in Numbers 22) although not as high like the prophets of Israel (as the story of Balaam demonstrates). And some of the prophets, like Jonah, have been sent on a quest to speak to the Gentiles.

Some people argue that the prophecy is a gift that is conferred on persons arbitrarily, but rather, is the culmination of a spiritual and ethical development. When a person reaches a level sufficient spiritual and ethical, the Shechinah (Divine Spirit) lands on him. Similarly, the gift of prophecy leaves the person if that person ceases to exist in their spirituality and ethics.

The greatest prophet Moses. It is said that Moses saw all that all the other prophets been combined, and more. Moses saw the whole Torah, the prophets and the writings that have been written hundreds of years later. Each prophecy is more than expression of what Moses had already seen. Thus, it teaches that nothing in the prophets or writings may be in conflict with the writings of Moses, for Moses saw everything in advance.

The Talmud, the writings of the prophets is not required in the world to come, because on this day, everyone will be mentally, spiritually and morally perfect, and all have the gift of prophecy.

Who are the prophets of the Jewish Bible?

The following list of prophets is based on the Talmud and Rashi.

Abraham Gen 11:26 – Gen 25:10 Isaac 21:01 – Gen 35:29 Jacob 25:21 – 49:33 Exodus 2:01 Moses – Deut. Aaron 4:14 Ex 34:5 – Joshua No. 5:09 pm Ex 33:39 – 14, 24:13, 32:17 – 18, 33:11, Num 11:28 – 29, 1:04 pm-14: 38, Deuteronomy 27:18 – 27:23 . 1:38, 3:28, 31:3, 31:7, Joshua 24:29 Pinchas Ex 6:25; Num 25:7-25:11, Num 31:6, Josh. 22:13 – Josh. 24:33, Judges 1:01 to 2:20 20:28 Eli Elkanah Samuel I Samuel I Samuel 1:01 Samuel 1:09 to 4:18 – I Samuel 25:1 I Sat 22:05 Gad, Sam II 24 :11-19, I Chron 21:09 to 21:19, 29:29 7:02 Nathan Sam II – 17, 12:1 – 25. Sat 16:01 David I – I Kings 12:24 Solomon II Sam 2:11, 1 Kings 1:10 to 11:43 II Chronicles 9:29 Iddo, 12:15, 13:22 Micaiah son of Imlah I Kings 22:8-28, 18:07 – Obadiah Cr II 27 I Kings 18; Obadiah Ahijah Reyes Silo 11:29-30, 12:15, 14:2-18; 3:29 pm Hanani I Kings 16: 1-7; II Chronicles 19:02, 8:34 pm son of Obed, Azariah II Chronicles 15 Jahaziel the Levite II Chronicles 20:14 II Chronicles Eliezer son Morashtite Dodavahu Hosea 20:37 Hosea Amos Micah Micah Amos Amos (father of Isaiah) Elijah I Kings 17:01-21: 29; II Kings 1:00 am and 15 10-2, 9:36-37, 10:10, 10:17 Elisha I Kings 19:16-19, II Kings 2:01 to 13:21 Jonah Jonah Isaiah Isaiah Joel ben Amitai Joel Nahum Habakkuk Uriah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Zephaniah Jeremiah Jeremiah Jeremiah 26:20-23 Ezekiel 12:22-24 Ezekiel Shemaiah I Kings, II Chronicles 11:2-4, Jeremiah Barukh 12:5-15 32, 36, 43, 45 Nereo (father of Barukh) Jeremiah 51:61-64 Seraiah Mehseiah (father of Neriah) Haggai Zechariah Malachi Haggai Zechariah Malachi Oded Bilshan Mordecai Esther (father of Azariah) Hanani (father of Jehu) Male Sarah Prophets Gen 11:29 to 11:20 pm Miriam Ex 15:20-21, Num 01.12 12:00 hours and a quarter, Judges Deborah Hannah I Sam 20:01 4:01 to 5:31 Saturday 1:01 to 2:21 Abigail I 25:1 – 25:42 II Kings 22:14-20 Hulda Esther Esther

Why not a prophet Daniel?

I often wonder why the book of Daniel is included in the Writings section of the Tanakh in place of the prophets of the section. Was not a prophet Daniel? Were not his visions of the future real?

According to Judaism, Daniel is not one of the 55 prophets. His writings are visions of the future, we believe to be true, but its mission is not a prophet. His visions of the future has never intended to be proclaimed to the people they were designed to be written for future generations. Therefore, they are written, and not the prophecies, and are classified accordingly.

The wise and prudent

Level: Intermediate

Hillel and Shammai

These two great scholars born a generation or two before the start of the Common Era are usually discussed together and in contrast to the other, because they were contemporaries and the leaders of both schools of thought (known as "houses"). Talmud over 300 differences of opinion between Beit Hillel (the House of Hillel) and Beit Shammai (the House of Shammai). In almost every one of these disputes, see Hillel prevailed.

Rabbi Hillel was born in a family rich in Babylon, but came to Jerusalem without the financial support of his family and supported as a lumberjack. They say he lived in great poverty and was sometimes unable to pay for admission to study the Torah, and so the tax has been abolished. He was known for his kindness, his gentleness and concern for humanity. One of the words famous registered Pirkei Avot (Ethics of the Fathers, a property of the Mishnah) is: "If I am not for myself, that will do for me and if I am only for myself, then what am I? And if not now, when? "The Hillel organization, a network of Jewish student organizations, bears his name.

Rabbi Shammai was an engineer, known for the rigor of their views. The Talmud says that a gentile came to Shammai saying that to convert to Judaism if Shammai could teach whole Torah in the time it could stand on one foot. Shammai drove him to a builder's measuring stick! Hillel, however, to convert the Gentiles, saying: "What is hateful, you do unto your neighbor. The whole Torah, the rest is commentary. Go study it."

Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakai

Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai was the youngest disciple and the most distinguished of Rabbi Hillel. It has been called the "father of wisdom and the generation of parent (Research) "because it allows the continuation of Jewish scholarship after Jerusalem fell to Rome in 70 AD

By tradition, ben Zakkai was a pacifist in Jerusalem in 68 AD, when the city was under siege by General Vespasian. Jerusalem has been controlled by the Zealots, people who rather die than surrender to Rome (which are the same people who control Masada). Ben Zakkai urged surrender, but the zealots will not hear of it, so ben Zakkai faked his own death and his disciples brought from Jerusalem in a coffin. They carried the coffin to Vespasian's tent, where Ben Zakkai emerged from his coffin. He told Vespasian that he had a vision (some would say, an astute political vision) soon to be Emperor Vespasian, and Vespasian asked to reserve a place in Yavneh (near modern Rehovot), where you could move the yeshiva (school) and Torah study in peace. Vespasian promised that if the prophecy is Actually, he would grant ben Zakkai's request. Vespasian became Emperor and kept his word, allowing the school to be established after the war was over. The yeshiva survived and was a center of Jewish learning for centuries.

Rabbi Akiba ben Joseph (ca. 15-135 AD)

A poor shepherd semi-literate, Rabbi Akiba became one of the greatest scholars of Judaism. Developed the method of exegesis of the Mishnah, linking each practice traditional one based on the biblical text, and systematized the material that later became the Mishnah.

Rabbi Akiba was active in the rebellion of Bar Kokhba against Rome. He believed that Bar Kokhba was the Moshiach (Messiah), though some other rabbis openly ridiculed him for that belief (the Talmud records another rabbi said "Akiba, grass grows on the cheeks and the son of David will not come.") When the rebellion of Bar Kokhba not, Rabbi Akiba was taken by the Roman authorities and tortured to death.

Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi (ca. 135-219 AD)

The patriarch of the Jewish community, Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi was well educated in thinking Greek and Jewish thought. He organized and compiled the Mishnah, building on the work of Rabbi Akiva.

Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhak) (1040-1105 AD)

A winemaker who live in Northern France, Rashi wrote the definitive comments on the Babylonian Talmud and the Bible. Rashi has collected materials for a wide variety of sources, has written about the Talmud and the Bible for easy reference, and written in clear, concise and clear, can be appreciated by beginners and experts. Almost all editions of the Talmud printed since the invention of the printing press has included the text of Rashi commentary side by side with the Talmudic text. Many traditional Jews not study the Bible without a Rashi commentary beside it.

Rambam (Maimonides, Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon) (1135-1204 AD)

A Muslim doctor born in Cordoba, Rambam lived in various places throughout the country Muslim Spain, the Middle East and North Africa, often fleeing persecution. He was a leader Jewish community in Cairo. He was influenced by Greek thought, especially Aristotle.

Rambam is the author of the Mishneh Torah one of the great codes of Jewish law, compiling every conceivable topic of Jewish law on the subject and to provide a simple statement of the prevailing view in simple language. In his time, was widely condemned because he claimed that the Mishneh Torah was a substitute for studying the Talmud.

Rambam also is responsible for several important theological works. He has developed 13 principles of Faith, the most widely accepted list of Jewish beliefs. He also wrote Guide for the Perplexed, a discussion of difficult theological concepts written from the perspective of a philosopher Aristotle.

Ramban (Nachmanides, Rabbi Moshe Ben Nachman) (1194-1270 AD)

halakhist Ramban was the highlight of his age. As before he Rambam, Ramban was a Spanish doctor who was both a and a great Torah scholar. However, unlike the rationalist Rambam, Ramban had a strong mystical bent. His biblical commentaries are the first to incorporate the mystical teachings of Kabbalah.

He was well known for his aggressive refutations of Christianity, especially the debate Pablo Christiani, a converted Jew, before King Jaime I of Spain in 1263.

Ramban could be described as a one of Zionist history first, because he said it is a mitzvah to take possession of Israel to live there (based on Num 33:53). He said: "While Israel occupies [the Holy Land], the land is considered as subject to it." Ramban complied with this provision, the Holy Land during the Crusades movement after being expelled from Spain for his polemics. He found the devastation of the Earth Santa ", but even in this destruction," he said, "holy ground." He died in 1270 CE

Baal Shem Tov (The Besht, Rabbi Israel Ben Eliezer) (1700-1760 AD)

The founder of Hasidic Judaism. Although the books of many of his teachings, Besht himself wrote no books, perhaps because their teachings have emphasized that even a simple uneducated peasant could approach God (a radical idea at the time, when Judaism emphasized that the approach to God through the study). He stressed the prayer, observance of the commandments, and ecstatic, personal mystical experiences.

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Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, 2

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