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Central African Republic

History
Main article: History of the Central African Republic
Prehistory
Between about 1000 before AD and 1000 AD, Adamawa-Eastern peoples speaking spread eastward from Cameroon to Sudan and settled in most of the territory of the Central African Republic. During the same period, a much smaller number of Bantu-speaking immigrants settled in southwestern CAR and some Central Sudan speaking populations settled in Ubangi.
Most people in the CAR as speakers of Adamawa-Eastern languages or Bantu languages belonging to the Niger-Congo family. A central unit of the minority language family of Sudanese Nilo-Saharan Africa. Recent immigrants include many Muslim merchants who speak Arabic or Hausa.
Exposure to the outside world
Until the early 1800s, the people of the CAR lived beyond the expanding Islamic frontier in the western region Sudan, Africa and therefore has relatively little contact with Abrahamic religions or northern economies. During the first decades of the nineteenth century, however, Muslim traders began to penetrate more and more the region of the CAR and to cultivate special relations with local leaders to facilitate their trade and settlement in the region.
With the initial arrival of Muslim traders in the 1800s was relatively peaceful and count on the support of local populations, but after the slave traders in 1850, with armed soldiers have begun to penetrate in the region. Between C. 1860 and 1910, slave traders from Sudan, Chad, Cameroon, Dar al-Kuti in Northern CAR and Nzakara Zande and States car exports south is the population of eastern Central African Republic, a region with few inhabitants today.
colonialism french
Main article: Ubangi-Shari
Ubangi-Shari in 1910,
Central Banks penetration African territory began in the nineteenth century when calling Scramble for Africa (C 18751900). Savorgnan Conde de Brazza took the lead in establishing the French Congo with headquarters in the town that bears his name, Brazzaville, and sent expeditions to the Ubangi River, in an effort to expand France's claims on the territory of Africa Central. King Leopold II of Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom also competed to establish their claims on the territory of Central Africa States region.
In 1889, the French established a post on the Ubangi River at Bangui, the future capital of Ubangi-Chari and the car. De Brazza then sent 189,091 shipments by the Sangha River in what is now south-western CAR, central basin of the Ubangi and Lake Chad, and eastward along the Oubangui River to the Nile procolonial De Brazza and French who want to expand the frontiers of the French Congo to establish links with French territories of West Africa, North Africa and East Africa.
In 1894 the French border with the State of Congo Congo of Leopold II and German Cameroon were fixed by diplomatic agreements. Then in 1899, on the border with Sudan in the French Congo was fixed along the Congo-Nile watershed, leaving France without her much coveted outlet on the Nile and turning south-east of the Ubangi-Shari in deadlock.
Once European negotiators agreed boundary French Congo, France had to decide how to pay for the occupation cost, administration and development planning. The financial success of the dealers Leopold II in the Free State Congo has convinced the French government in 1899 to grant 17 private companies large concessions in the region of Ubangi-Shari. In exchange right to exploit these lands by buying local products and selling European goods, companies have promised to pay rent to the colonial state and promote the development of their concessions. Companies are European and African officials, often using extremely brutal and atrocious methods for Central African force working for them. At the same time, the French colonial administration began to force the Central African Republic pay taxes and provide free progress. The companies and French administration often collaborated in their efforts to force Central Africans to work for your benefit, but also often in conflict.
Some French officials have denounced the abuses committed by private militias and even by his colleagues and the colonial troops, but efforts to bring these criminals to justice almost always failed. When news of atrocities against employees of the concessionaire and Central Africa the colonial powers or troops arrived in France and caused an uproar, there were investigations and some timid attempts at reform, but the situation on the ground in Ubangi-Shari remained essentially the same thing.
Seal, 1924
During this time, during the first decade of French colonial rule (c. 19001910), the leaders of African states in the region Ubangi-Shari increased their activities of slave raids and sale of local products to European companies and the colonial state. They took advantage of their treaties with France to acquire more weapons that were used to capture slaves and more than half east of the Ubangi-Shari was uninhabited as a result of export Central African Republic by local leaders during the first decade of colonial rule. Those who power, Africans and Europeans, often life miserable for those who have no power to resist.
During the second decade of the era Colonial (c. 19101920), armed employees of private companies and the colonial state continued to use brutal methods to deal with local populations who resisted forced labor, but the power of local leaders in Africa has been destroyed and so slave raiding been greatly reduced. In 1911, the Sangha and Lobaye basins were ceded to Germany under an agreement which gave France a hand in Morocco and Western Ubangi-Shari came under German control until the First World War, during which France reconquered this territory using Central African troops.
The third decade of colonial cultures (19201930) was a period of transition during which they built a road network, have been promoted to treasury services of mobile clinics have been trained to fight against sleeping sickness, and Protestant missions established stations in different parts of the country. New forms of work Forced also introduced, however, that the large number of French Ubangians recruited to work in the railway Congo-Ocean and many of these recruits died of exhaustion and illness.
In 1925, the writer French Gide published Voyage au Congo in which he described the alarming consequences of conscription for the Congo-Ocean railway and outline further atrocities committed against Central Africans in Western Ubangi-Shari by employees of the Forestry Agency of the Sangha-Oubangui example. In 1928, a vast insurrection, the Kongo-Wara War "of the hoe handle 'broke out in Western Ubangi-Shari, and continued for several years. The scope of this insurrection, perhaps the largest anticolonial rebellion in Africa during the two wars, has been carefully hidden French public, they are proof, once again, a strong opposition to French colonial rule and forced labor.
During the fourth decade colonial rule (c. 19301940), cotton, tea, coffee and emerged as major cash crops in Ubangi-Shari and extraction diamonds and gold began in earnest. Several cotton companies were granted monopolies to buy in large areas of production cotton and thus able to fix the prices paid to producers to ensure profits for their shareholders. The Europeans established coffee plantations and the Republic Central has also begun to grow coffee.
The fifth decade of colonial rule (Art. 19401950) was formed by the Second World War and the political reforms that followed in its wake. In September 1940, for officers Gaullist French took control of Ubangi-Shari.
Independence
On December 1, 1958, the colony of Ubangi-Shari became an autonomous territory within the French Community and took the name of the Central African Republic. The founder and chairman of the Governing Council, Barthlmy Boganda, died in a mysterious plane crash in 1959, eight days just before the last election to the colonial era. On August 13, 1960, the Central African Republic gained its independence and two aides nearest Boganda Abel Goumba and David Dacko, became involved in a power struggle. Supported by the French, Dacko took power and soon Goomba arrested. In 1962 President Dacko had established a one-party state.
On December 31, 1965 Dacko was overthrown by the coup d'tat Eve by Colonel Jean-bdel Bokassa, who suspended the constitution and dissolved the National Assembly. President Bokassa declared himself president for life in 1972, and proclaimed himself Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire, Dec. 4, 1976. A year later, Emperor Bokassa was crowned at a lavish and expensive ceremony that was ridiculed by much of the world. In 1979, France carried out a coup against Bokassa and "reformed" Dacko to power. Dacko, in turn, was overthrown by a coup by General Andre Kolingba on September 1, 1981.
Kolingba suspended the constitution and ruled by a military junta until 1985. It introduces a new constitution in 1986 which was approved by a national referendum. Membership in his new party, the Coalition Central African democracies (DRC) has been voluntary. In 1987, semi-competitive elections to the European Parliament and municipal elections were held were held in 1988. Kolingba the two main political opponents, Abel Goumba and Ange-Flix Patasse, boycotted these elections because their parts not allowed to compete.
In 1990, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, a movement for democracy has become very active. In May 1990, a letter signed by 253 prominent citizens asked to convene a National Conference, but Kolingba refused this request and many opponents. Pressure U.S. From France against the heart, and a group of countries with local representation and bodies called GIBAFOR (USA, France, Germany, Japan, European Union, World Bank and UN) finally led to an agreement Kolingba, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992 with the assistance of the Office United Nations electoral matters. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the election results as grounds for remaining in office, President Kolingba has been under intense pressure GIBAFOR to establish a "National Council of the Republic Provisional Politics "(National Provisional Political Council) (CNPPR) and the creation of a Commission" Joint Election "which included representatives of all political parties.
When elections were finally held in 1993, again with the help of the international community, Ange-Flix Patasse completed first in the first round and was fourth after Abel Kolingba Goomba and David Dacko. In the second round, Patasse won 53 percent of the vote, while 45.6 percent earned Goomba. Most of the aid reached prefectures Patassé Gbaya, Kare and Kaba voters in seven villages in the north-west, while support Goomba has come largely at least ten prefectures population in the south and east. In addition, the party of Patasse, the Movement for the Central African People libration (MLPC) or Movement for the Liberation of Central African peoples acquired a simple, but not the absolute majority of seats in parliament, which means necessary Patassé coalition partners.
The former president Kolingba Patassé relieved of his military rank of general in March 1994 and accused several former Ministers of various crimes. Patassé Yakoma also eliminated many important, lucrative positions in government. Two hundred Yakoma most members of the presidential guard were also dismissed or reassigned to the army. Kolingba RDC loudly proclaimed that the government was conducting a hunt Patassé witch "against Yakoma.
A new constitution was adopted 28 December 1994 and promulgated 14 January 1995, but this constitution, Like its predecessors, did not have much impact on the practice of politics. In 19961997, reflecting a steady decline in public confidence in erratic behavior, three mutinies against the government of Patassé were accompanied by the destruction of property and rising tensions ethnic. On January 25, 1997, the Peace Accords were signed Bangui which involves the deployment of a military mission from the Inter-African countries monitoring Mission Bangui Agreements (MISAB). former President of Mali, Amadou tourism, mediates entry and mediation of ex-rebels to the government April 7, 1997. MISAB The mission was later replaced by a force of peacekeeping United Nations, the UN Mission in CAR (MINURCA).
In the parliamentary elections 1998 resulted in the DRC Kolingba "win 20 of the 109 seats, which is a return, but in 1999, despite widespread public anger in urban centers with his government of corruption, Patasse won free elections to become president for a second term. On May 28, 2001, the rebels stormed strategic buildings in Bangui in an attempted coup d'état. The chief of staff, Abel Abrou, and General Francois N'Djadder Bedaya were killed, but taken up Patasse top at least 300 soldiers of the rebel leader Jean-Pierre Bemba of the other side of the river in the Democratic Republic the Congo and the Libyan soldiers.
Following the failed coup, militias loyal to Patasse sought revenge against the rebels in many neighborhoods of capital, Bangui, which led to the destruction of many households as well as torture and murder of many opponents. Patasse eventually to believe that General Bozize has been involved in an attempted coup against him and so Bozize fled with loyal troops to Chad. In March 2003, Bozize launched a surprise attack against Patasse, who was out of the country. Libyan troops and 1,000 soldiers of Bemba's Congolese rebel organization failed to stop the rebels who took control of the country and succeeded in ousting Patasse.
Francois Bozize has suspended the constitution and appointed a new cabinet which included most opposition parties. Abel Goumba, "Don Limpio" has been named vice president, Bozize gave the new government a positive image. Bozize has established a broad National Transition Council to draft a new constitution and announced he will step down and stand in elections once the new Constitution was approved. A national dialogue was held from September 15 to October 27, 2003, and won an election Patasse Bozize excluded just been elected president in a second vote in May 2005.
The humanitarian situation, consolidation and development
The Central African Republic is heavily dependent on foreign aid and multilateral presence of many NGOs that provide services that the government does not provide. As a representative UNDP said, the Central African Republic is a country "under the serum, or metaphorically a country connected to an IV. (Mehler 2005:150). The mere presence many organizations and foreign personnel in the country, including peacekeepers and even refugee camps, is an important source of income for many Central.
The country is self sufficient in food crops, but much of the population live a subsistence level. Livestock development is hindered by the presence of the tsetse fly.
In the year 2006 due to ongoing violence, more than 50,000 in the northwest have been exposed to hunger, and this was only avoided thanks to the support of the United Nations. [Edit]
Building Commission places the Central African Republic the order of 12 June 2008, the Central African Republic became the fourth country to put on the agenda of the Peacebuilding Commission of the Peace created in 2005 to assist countries emerging from conflict relapse into war or chaos. The body of 31 members agreed to review the situation after a request of government.
Peacebuilding Fund Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said January 8, 2008, the Central African Republic has been eligible to support the Peacebuilding Fund. Three priority areas identified were: 1) the reform of the security sector 2) Promote good governance and the rule of law and 3) the revitalization of communities affected by conflict.
Policy
Main article: Politics of the Central African Republic
Bozize is chairman of countries. A new constitution was approved by voters in a referendum held on December 5, 2004. Full multiparty presidential and legislative elections were held in March 2005, with a second round in May Bozize has been declared the winner after a second round.
In February 2006, there were reports of widespread violence in the northern Central African Republic. Thousands of refugees have fled their homes, caught in the crossfire of fighting between government troops and rebel forces. More than 7,000 people have fled to neighboring Chad. Those who remained in The CAR government said troops systematically killing men and boys suspected of cooperating with rebels.
Prefectures and sub-prefectures
Prefectures of the Central African Republic
Main article: Prefectures of the Central African Republic and sub-prefectures Central African Republic
The CAR is divided into 14 administrative prefectures (Prefecture), with two prefectures Economic (Prefecture economy) and an autonomous commune. The prefectures are divided into 71 sub-prefectures (sub-Prefecture).
The prefectures are:
Bamingui-Bangoran
Basse-Kotto
Haute-Kotto
High Mbomou
KMO
Lobaye
Mamre-Kad
Mbomou
Nana-Mamre
Ombella-M'Poko
Ouaka
Ouham
Ouham-Pend
Vakaga
two prefectures Nana-economic and Sangha Grbizi mbar, the commune is Bangui.
Geography
Article: Geography of the Central African Republic
Satellite image of the CAR from raster graphics data supplied by the Library Card
Map of the Republic Central
Ubangi River outside Bangui.
The Republic is a landlocked country in Africa. It borders the countries of Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic and the Republic of the Congo.
Much of the country consists of savanna flat plateau or slightly wavy, typically about 1640 feet (500 m) above sea level, most of the northern half is in the World Wildlife Fund Ecoregion savannah East. In the north-east Fertit the hills, and scattered in the hills south-west. Northwest Yade Massif, a granite plateau with an elevation of 3,750 feet (1,143 m).
In 240.519 square miles (622,941 km2), the Central African Republic is a larger country 42nd in the world. It is comparable in size to that of Ukraine, and is slightly less than the U.S. state of Texas.
Much of the southern border is formed by tributaries of the River Congo, with Mbomou the river in the fusion of the east with the river Uele to form the Ubangi River. In the west, the river flows through the Sangha of the country. Frontier Eastern is located along the edge of the Nile Basin
Estimates of the amount of country covered by forest ranges from 8%, with the most dense in the south. Forest is very diverse, and include commercially important species Ayous, Sapelli and Sipo. The deforestation rate is 0.4% per year, and wood poaching is widespread.
CAR climate is tropical. The northern regions are subject to harmattan winds, which are hot and dry, and do dust. The northern regions have been affected by desertification and the north is desert. The rest of the country is prone to flooding of rivers nearby.
In November 2008, National Geographic, the Central African Republic has been named the country least affected by light pollution.
Economy
Main article: Economy of the Central African Republic
A child playing with a lamp burning kerosene in Birao, Republic CAR. The city was almost entirely destroyed by fire in March 2007 during fighting between rebels and government troops.
Economy Central African Republic is dominated by the cultivation and sale of food crops such as cassava, peanuts, maize, sorghum, millet, sesame, bananas and Sara [disambiguation needed]. The annual rate of real GDP growth of just over 3%. The importance of food crops exported cash crops is indicated by the fact that tons of cassava production Total staple food of most Central Africans, ranges between 200,000 and 300,000 a year, while the cotton production, the main export crops ranges of species between 25,000 to 45,000 tons per year. The crops are not exported in large quantities, but they are still the main crops in Central African countries because of more regular income from the sale of surplus food crops to crops cash crops such as cotton or coffee exported.
The partner of the CAR's largest import from South Korea (20.2%), followed by France (13.6%) and Cameroon (7.7%), while its export partner is Japan (40.4%), followed by Belgium (9.8%) and China (8.2%).
Many rural and urban women also contribute to transforming food crops in alcoholic beverages such as sorghum beer or spirits and draw considerable revenue from the sale of such beverages. A large portion of the proceeds from the sale of food and alcohol is not "in books "And therefore not taken into account in computing the income per capita, which is one reason officers by per capita income figures are not accurate in the case of the Republic Central.
The income per capita of the car is often listed as approximately $ 300 per year, says it is one of the lowest in the world, but this figure is based mainly sales and export sales largely ignores the most important, but not approved for food, alcohol produced locally, diamonds, Ivory, bushmeat, and traditional medicine, for example. The informal economy of the car is more important the formal economy for most Central Africans.
The diamonds are the product of the largest export of the Central African Republic, the representative 4.055% of export earnings, but believes that 3050% of diamonds produced each year leave the country illegally. Export trade is hindered poor through economic development, and the location of this country away from the coast.
The desert regions of this country have potential as a destination ecotourism. The country is characterized by its population of forest elephants. In the Southwest, Dzanga-Sangha National Park is an area of rainforest. In North Manovo Gounda-St Floris National Park was busy with wildlife, including leopards, lions and rhinos. Northeast National Park Bamingui-Bangoran. But the population of wildlife in parks has plummeted in the past 20 years due to poaching, particularly from neighboring Sudan.
The CAR is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).
The CAR is ranked 180 out of 181 in "Ease of Doing Business in 2009 Doing Business World Bank Group. The place of business "" Ranking uses a composite index to improve standards in business and those that limit.
Demography
Main article: Demographics Central African Republic
A village in the Central African Republic
The population has almost quadrupled since independence. In 1960, the population was 1,232,000. Now the population is 4,422,000. (2009 estimate UN) Note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS, which can lead to lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of the population age and sex, which otherwise might be expected.
The UN estimates that nearly 11% of the population over 15 49 is HIV positive. Only 3% of the country Antiretroviral treatment is available, compared to coverage of 17% in neighboring Chad and the Republic of Congo.
The nation is divided into more 80 ethnic groups, each with its own language. The main ethnic groups are the Baya 33%, Banda 27%, 13% Mandjia, Sara 10%, 7% Mboum, M'Baka 4% and 4% with Yakoma other 2%, including Europeans mostly of French origin.
Health
Main article: Health in the Central African Republic
Hope Life expectancy at birth was 48.2 and life expectancy of males at birth was 45.1 in 2007. The fertility is about five births per woman. Public expenditure on health was U.S. $ 20 (PPP) per person in 2006. There were eight doctors per 100,000 inhabitants 2004. Public expenditure on health was 10.9% of total public expenditure in 2006.
Religion
Main article: Religion in the Republic Central
Religion in Central African Republic
religion
percent
Christian

50%
Indian

35%
Islam

15%
Christians make up 50 per cent of the population, while only 35 percent of the population of indigenous beliefs and Islam is practiced by about 15 percent of the population.
There are many missionary groups working in the country, including Lutherans, Baptists, Catholics, Grace Brothers, and Jehovah's Witnesses. Although these missionaries are mostly U.S. United States, France, Italy and Spain, many are also from Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo and other African countries. Many missionaries left the country because of fighting between rebels and government forces in 2002 and 2003. Many have returned home and resumed their activities.
Culture
Music
Main article: Music of the Central African Republic
Education
Main article: Education in Central African Republic
Public education in the Central African Republic Free and compulsory education of 6-14 years. About half of the adult population is illiterate country. The country has the University of Bangui.
See also
List of writers from the Central African Republic
See also
Africa portal
Main article: System of the Republic Central
List of topics related to the Central African Republic
Transport of the Republic of Central
References
^ Department the Population Division of Economic and Social Affairs (2009) (. PDF). World Population Prospects, Table A.1. 2008 revision. United Nations. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. Retrieved on 12/03/2009.
ABCD ^ "Republic Central." Fund IMF. Http: / / www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br = 1 & c = 626 & s = NGDPD, NGDPDPC, PPPGDP, PPPPC, LP & GRP = 0 & & a = 53 = = 9 & pr.y pr.x. Retrieved on 10/01/2009.
^ Which side of the road is? Brian Lucas. August 2005. Accessed 28/01/2009
^ List of countries by Human Development Index
HS Foreign 24.04.2001 ^ "The Republic of Central Finland overcome the problems of the environment?
^ "Thousands could die of hunger, "said the spokesman of the United Nations by Maurizio Giuliano. http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=58581.
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/pbc39.doc.htm ^
^ Http: / / www.unpbf.org / CAR.shtml
^ CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Reuters Latin America: results of the investigation is announced on May 22, an official said
^ BBC NEWS World | Africa | Country profiles | Timeline: Central African Republic
^ BBC Thousands in Africa | escape new cars "rebels"
^ BBC Thousands Africa | CAR fleeing violence
^ Embedded (English) in March 2001, Forests Monitor
^ Forests Congo Basin: State of the Forest, 2006. CARP 13-Jul-07
^ Https: / / www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2050.html?countryName=China&countryCode=ch&regionCode=eas Ch & #
^ Https: / / # www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2061.html?countryName=China&countryCode=ch&regionCode=eas & CH
^ OHADA.com: Gateway to Business Law in Africa, http://www.ohada.com/index.php, accessed on 22/03/2009
^ Http: / / www.doingbusiness.org / Documents / CountryProfiles / CAF.pdf
Country ^
^ Http: / / data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_ANN3_en.pdf
Abcd ^
^ Http: / / www.afro.who.int / home / country / fact_sheets / car.pdf
^ The World Factbook
^ U.S. Department of State
^ "Republic Central. "Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labour (2001). Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2002). ^ Http: / / www.unicef.org / Infobycountry / car_statistics.html
Further reading
Kalck, Peter, Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic, 2004
Petringa, Mary, Brazza A life for Africa (2006) ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0
Titley, Brian, Dark Ages: The Odyssey of Political Emperor Bokassa, 2002
References
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News
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Cultural
Baka Pygmy culture and music of the early inhabitants of the Central African Republic, with photos and notes ethnographic
Tourism
Travel Guide Central African Republic Wikitravel
Other
Photos of the Central African Republic
location in Central African Republic Globe 3D (Java)
Central African Republic in Humanitarian and Development Partnership Team (HDPT)
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Johann Hari in Birao, the secret war in Central African Republic Within France, The Independent, October 5, 2007
EV
Central African Republic issues
Politics and Government
Foreign flag Coat of electoral corruption Constitution international human rights (women GLBT) Law enforcement Military Ministers National Assembly Political parties President Prime Minister Political
History
Precolonial history Oubangui-Chari (French Equatorial Africa Party) of President Patassé Central African Empire Bozize suddenly
Geography and Environment
Ecoregions cities Rivers National Parks Sub-prefectures Prefectures of wildlife
The economy and infrastructure
Agriculture Airports Banks Communications Companies Mining Unions Transport Tourism
Culture and Society
Demographics Education Films Football (national team) Holidays Languages Literature Music Religion (Islam Catholic)
Collection
Personalities on stamps Scout Holiday
See also: List of key themes related to the Republic
EV
Former French colonies Africa and Indian Ocean
Maghreb
Algeria Morocco (Arguin Island) Tunisia
French West Africa
Cte d'Ivoire Dahomey French Niger Sudan Mauritania Guinea Senegal Upper Volta

French Togo Albreda James Island
Equatorial Africa French
Chad Gabon Middle Congo Oubangui-Chari
Comoros
Anjouan Grande Comore Mohl

French Somaliland (Djibouti) Madagascar Seychelles Ile de France

Location
EV
Countries and territories of Africa
West Africa
Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Cte d'Ivoire, Liberia, Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo
North Africa
Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia
Central Africa
Angola Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Democratic Republic of Congo Republic of Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Rwanda for Tom and Prince
East Africa
Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Seychelles Somalia Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
South Africa
Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland
States with
limited recognition
Somaliland Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Mainly in Africa
France (Runion) Italy (Pantelleria) Portugal (Madeira) Spain (Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / Places of Sovereign) Yemen (Socotra)
Dependencies
Scattered Islands (France) Mayotte (France) Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha and Ascension (France)
Disputed Areas
Western Sahara

International Affiliation
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African Union (AU)
Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of Congo Republic of the Congo Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Equatorial Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic for Tom and Prince Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
EV
Community of Sahel-Saharan States
Benin Burkina Faso Central African Republic Chad Comoros Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Liberia Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Libya Mali Morocco Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Togo Tunisia
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Member States and observers La Francophonie
Members
Andorra Albania Armenia Belgium (French Community) Benin Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada (Quebec New Brunswick) Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Cyprus1 Democratic Republic of Congo Republic of Congo EAC d'Ivoire Djibouti Dominica Egypt Equatorial Guinea France (French Guyana Martinique Guadalupe St. Pierre and Miquelon) Gabon Ghana1 Greece Guinea Guinea Bissau Haiti Laos Luxembourg Lebanon Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius Moldova Monaco Morocco Niger Romania Rwanda Macedonia2 Saint Lucia Senegal Seychelles Switzerland So Tom and Prince Togo Tunisia Vanuatu Vietnam
Observers
Lithuania Georgia Latvia Croatia Hungary Austria Czech Republic Poland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Mozambique Thailand Ukraine
An associate member. 2 provisionally referred to the Francophonie of the Republic, "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, see Macedonia name dispute.
EV
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)
Members
Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Burkina Faso Brunei Cameroon Cte d'Ivoire Chad Comoros Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mozambique Niger Nigeria Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Turkey Tunisia Togo Turkmenistan Uzbekistan United Arab Emirates Uganda Yemen
Observers
Countries and territories
Thailand Cyprus Bosnia and Herzegovina Central North Russia (as the State Turkish Cypriot)
Muslim Communities
Moro National Liberation
International organizations
The Economic Cooperation Organization African Union Arab League Non-Aligned Movement, United Nations

Languages
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Niger-Congo-nation speech

Kordofanian
Sudan

Send

Gambia
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Mali
Mauritania
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Liberia
Côte d'Ivoire
Nigeria
Burkina Faso
Benin
Togo

Atlantic-Congo

Atlantic
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
CAR
Ijoid
Nigeria
Chad
Côte d'Ivoire
Gambia
Guinea
Dogon
Mali
Guinea-Bissau
Liberia
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Sudan
Togo

Volta-Congo

Senufo
Benin
Cte d'Ivoire
Mali
Gur
Benin
Burkina Faso
Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana
Mali
Nigeria
Togo
Adamawa-Ubangi
Cameroon
CAR
Chad
Nigeria
Kru
Burkina Faso
Côte d'Ivoire
Liberia
Kwa
Benin
Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana
Nigeria
Togo

Benue-Congo

Bantu
Angola
Botswana
Burundi
Cameroon
Democratic Republic of Congo
Yoruba and Igbo
Nigeria
Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Kenya
Lesotho
Nigeria
Malawi
Mozambique
Namibia
Rwanda
South Africa
Swaziland
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Car = Democratic Republic of Congo Central African Republic DRC =
Categories: Central African Republic | country Africa | States of the Union | African Least Developed Countries | French language | Landlocked countries | Member states of the Francophonie states | And the territories of all 1960Hidden categories: Wikipedia protected by the movement of vandalism | Articles containing French language text | All articles related Items | lacking sources from December 2007 | Articles with links need disambiguation

It is today called the elections "a referendum" reality or is it just good for the media and politics for the companies?

political parties decline

Fifth Congress, which includes Minneapolis and surrounding areas. The Star Tribune, based in Minneapolis, was July 15. Since then, the Star Tribune has not publish an article on the fifth district congressional career. No reported the names of candidates who had applied for this role. Unlike years above, does not publish a voter's guide to the primary. Reported no votes for each candidate in the primaries. There were three: DFL in place, Keith Ellison, a Republican Barb Davis White and I, the Independence Party.

Rep. Ellison has been named and quoted in Dozens of Star Tribune articles in the three months following the deadline. Barb Davis White and I was called twice, one before and after the primary – in the sense that we ran unanimously their respective party primary. Both are statements of a single sentence of that fact.

Meanwhile, the Star Tribune gave ample room for congressional elections, especially in the 3rd and 6th District races. Of course, we includes an open seat left vacant by Jim Ramstad, and other a seat occupied by Michele Bachmann. The 5th District, however, others received wide coverage in the Star Tribune, I actually received more votes than him in the primaries. (This information is provided by the Secretary of State of Minnesota Website the author and not the Star Tribune.)

The Star Tribune has a reputation for promoting DFL candidates, both in its editorials and reports. Articles Kindergarten. Do not report the results of primary law, "he insisted to change the wording. Do not use first or insultinglanguage or incite violence. The newspaper is just not my political perspective. I call the "door to keep journalism": a likely to vote.

For decades, the Star Tribune has been a main activity of this art. In my opinion, this newspaper has aspired to shaping new policies and the report itself. And, with a paid circulation of half a million readers Sunday was largely achieved. The Star Tribune and its editors – like some political parties, need a good house cleaning "!"

Death of the Liberal Class $8.27 The liberal class plays a vital role in a democracy. It gives moral legitimacy to the state. It makes limited forms of dissent and incremental change possible. The liberal class posits itself as the conscience of the nation. It permits us, through its appeal to public virtues and the public good, to define ourselves as a good and noble people. Most importantly, on behalf of the power elite th…

The Long Descent: A User’s Guide to the End of the Industrial Age $11.53 SeattleOil.com  The Internet writings of John Michael Greer – beyond any doubt the greatest peak oil historian in the English language – have finally made their way into print. Greer fans will recognize many of the book’s passages from previous essays, but will be delighted to see them fleshed out here with additional examples and analysis.The Long Descent is one of the most highly anticipated pe…

Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam $12.99 Gilles Kepel’s Jihad is an intense, detailed examination of the militant Islamist movement over the last quarter-century. Kepel divides his book into two parts–”Expansion” and “Decline”–and posits that the September 11, 2001, attacks, rather than demonstrating “strength and irrepressible might,” highlighted the “isolation” and “fragmentation” of a “faltering” and probably doomed extremist ideolo…

political parties britain

Great Britain Democracy

In Britain by 1850, democracy had begun to take on an effective face. However throughout the UK, equal representation did not exist, and it was the wealthy aristocracy that had any form of political power. Even in this elitist system there existed much corruption and bribery. Changing social attitudes lead to a series of acts being passed over the span of 80 years which would eventually lead to suffrage -the right to vote- for working class men, and eventually women, bar a few exceptions. In a true democracy in the purest sense of the word, there must be freedom of speech, regular elections, secret ballots and equality between genders and people. In he mid-nineteenth century, this was not the case. Historian Sydney Wood suggests that: “the parliamentary system of the 1950s was not democratic. Democracies were regarded as being at the mercy of the ignorant people unfit to possess power. It favoured the wealthy in a number of ways.” Prior to the passing of the first reform act in 1832, Britain’s political system had not changed since the sixteenth century.

The First Reform Act of 1832 increased the electorate from 435,00 to around 652,000. Every man owning property worth ?10 (per annum) now had the vote. Prior to the Act’s passing, there were no standard laws that said who could vote. Before the Act, there were two types of constituency; counties and boroughs. The passing gave rise to a greater number f MP’s. The Act corrected some anomalies of the voting system, and it made the working class more politically minded.

William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli were politically competing for credit as to who lead to the passing of the 1867 Second Reform Act, in order to gain support of working class voters. It was seen by many in parliament that in order to coincide with social changes, the voting system had to be updated. With the passing of the vote, the electorate became around 2.5 million, with working class men from towns and cities allowed the vote. All householders with one year’s residence got the vote, or those living in residence worth ?12. Overall, one in three men got the vote. However, the vote was not yet afforded to those under twenty-one, or women. The constituencies were reorganised, and some smaller ones were disenfranchised. The greatest change that this Act made was granting vote to those who occupied the boroughs. Also, the increased electorate meant that the parties had to nationally organise themselves.

Before the Ballot Act was passed in 1872, voting was carried out in the open, which meant that many votes were dictated by intimidation, bribery and corruption. The Act allowed voting to take place in private. The Third Reform Act of 1884/1885 gave the vote to working class men in rural areas, increasing the electorate to around 5 million. Still, around half of the male population was excluded. Those excluded included soldiers living in barracks, and sons still living at home. There was still no mention of women getting the vote.

The Representation of the People Act passed in 1918 allowed all adult males over the age of twenty-one who had a six month residence to vote. A large step however, was giving women over the age of thirty (provided they were householders or university graduates) the vote. Plural voting, which had been a thing that took place among the aristocracy, was minimised to two, and even then applied only to university graduates. As a result of Suffragist pressure, women were on the same footing as men in local elections. The 1928 Representation of the People Act finally put women on the same level as men in terms of voting, and the First-Past-The-Post system was confirmed. Historian Morrison feels that “As a consequence of the growing electorate, politicians were forced to abandon the nineteenth century principal of laissez-faire in favour of state interventionism.”

Another criticism that can be aimed at British democracy in the mid-nineteenth century was the lack of fairness. Elections were held in the open, and so many people were bribed to vote for a candidate, or forced to. The passing of the Ballot Act in 1872 changed all this, affording the voters to place their vote in secret. In densely populated areas the secret ballot made a difference. M Willis says “Since the passing of the Ballot Act we have never had the slightest trouble at any election that has taken place in London…” However, in the boroughs and counties where the populations were sparse, the boxes were still open to view, defeating the purpose of the Act.

In 1883, the Corrupt and Illegal practises Act was passed, limiting the amount of money that a candidate could spend upon their election campaign.
Taking into account the rising number of voters, the second part of the Third Reform Act, The Redistribution of Seats Act reorganised the seats available, and increased the number of MP’s in Scotland.

Before say, the passing of the First Reform Act in 1832, often MPs were chosen by the wealthy landowners. Following the passing, and MP still had to own land. BY 1885, the number of MPs increased from 652 to 670, and universities still elected MPs, but using proportional representation, another of democratic governing. The 1911 Act, which allowed MPs payment, was very important in making parliament more representative, because before this, only the wealthy could afford to be Mps, but this legislation meant that working class men could become MPs. The Parliament Act did truly alter the face of parliament.

The Parliament Act of 1911 also changed something that before the act had been a large part of parliament. The House of Lords, whose positions were hereditary, lost much of their influence in terms of government spending and taxes. Instead, the decisions lay in the hands of the popularly elected House of Commons.

By the early 1900’s, there were three national parties to vote for. These were the Conservatives, the Liberals and Labour. Labour was a party that represented the working classes, Conservatives were middle/upper class, and Liberals were not unlike the Conservatives, but according to historian Henry Pelling: “In small towns and country villages the ministers and the lay preachers were the backbone of Liberal strength.” The introduction of the Labour party gave a party that the working class could support, giving them a voice in parliament.

Not only did the working class become better represented, they became more aware of politics and their country, as a result of social advances. In 1870 in England and 1872 in Scotland, education acts were passed, which required children to attend school. This act also led to the development of libraries in many communities.

The building of nationwide railway lines meant that tabloid newspapers came into existence since news could now travel across country with ease. Railways also meant that MP s could freely travel over the country, making speeches. In this way, the people were far more aware of current events in the world of politics.

Party agents were paid to organise publicity. These agents worked alongside branch associations. They were places where drinks were served and billiards played. Their purpose was to boost morale and increase support, as well as provide volunteers. In the Liberal parties, one of these branches grew and expanded into the National Liberal Federation in 1887. This branch served as a radical challenge to Whig leadership within the party. There was a similar branch that existed in the Conservative party: The Conservative Central Office. Unlike the NFL though, it mainly followed the orders of the party leadership. In 1881, the Primrose league was formed, and it seemed invaluable in maintaining party support. H Pelling observes that this support came from: “…the visit to village feasts, the chat in the village schoolroom, or pleasant friendly musical evenings in the winter.” In other words, providing such hospitality and warmth to the constituents kept support. The massive increase in the electorate called for this parry organisation to exist.

It can be strongly argued that in Britain by 1928, democracy had indeed been widely achieved. There was gender equality in terms of voting rights, for those over the age of twenty-one. There were regular elections, and voting was now free of corrupt activity, due to a secret ballot. MPs were now paid, enabling working class to be able to afford to enter into the House of Commons. There was a range of parties to choose from, and electoral districts were reasonable in size as well as roughly equal to each other. The House of Lords had far less influence over taxation and government spending. The various acts had improved the face of British democracy.

However, there were still flaws in the system. Those in the House of Lords got their position mainly by inheriting it, rather than voting. The basic democratic principal of ‘one man, one vote’ was still not truly enforced, since university graduates were entitled to two votes. Women, whilst having equal voting rights as men, still did not have social equality. They had received far lower wages than men did, and many careers were restricted, since it was still seen as a woman’s duty to tend to domestic life. Finally, in relation to the electoral system -such as the benefits of proportional representation over first-past-the-post- still remained unsolved, and mainly not addressed. Donald Morrison suggests that: “The development of liberal democracy had been slow and piecemeal. The system which had evolved by 1928…had in place most of the apparatus necessary to satisfy the democratic aspirations of the nation. Nevertheless, the essence of a democracy is that of a system of government which promotes and encourages political change from below. Thus issues such as electoral reform, devolution and the promotion of equality continue to be debated…as part of our ongoing democratic political culture.”

It can be concluded that by 1928, Britain was not purely a democracy; however, the acts and reforms that were passed over the decades prior had aided in bringing Britain close to it.

Tony Benn Speaks [VHS] …

BBC History of World War II $57.99 How could a political party as fundamentally evil and overtly racist as the Nazis come to power? Why was Japan known for its admirable treatment of POWs in WWI responsible for such grim atrocities in the Second World War? This comprehensive collection not only examines the details of the conflict (the Battle of Moscow the campaign against German U-boats the RAF bomber offensive) but digs deeper to…

Party Political Broadcast $1.99 …

political parties libertarian

what advantage/disadvantage do you see with the Internet and the use by political parties and those that?

belong to a political party (Democrat, Republican, Libertarian, Green Party, etc.)?

The advantages are you can download porn.

The disadvantages are you can download politics.

One can excite your senses the other can make you impotent.

The Real Party: Libertarians

Camp Fema: American Lockdown $14.49 Evidence of Internment Camps in America. Recent legislation attempting to legitimize the use of internment camps to detain U.S. citizens in the event of an uprising or civil unrest has many people asking what nation they live in. In a country born out of political dissent, we watch our leaders in Washington slowly pass bills that label ordinary Americans as thought criminals and potential domest…

Crashing the Parties – Third Party Presidential Candidates – Documentary DVD $19.96 Americans have dozens of choices of toothpaste and soda pop – so why only two options for president? Would voters be better off with a third major political party beyond Democrats and Republicans? “Crashing” goes on the 2004 campaign trail with underdog presidential candidates from the Green, Libertarian, and Constitution parties and taps into the political psyche of independent renegade Jesse Ve…

BARR FOR PRESIDENT 08 – Political Gear – White T-shirt Brand New, never worn 100% cotton front print Authentic White T-shirt. Anvil, Gilden, or Similar Heavyweight Jersey T-Shirt 100% pre-shrunk cotton, seamless collarette, double needle hems. The shirt reads “BARR FOR PRESIDENT 08″….

Political Parties Webquest

Get Your Message Across With Political Shirts

What is it that is button-less, collarless, and pocket-less, with a round neck and short sleeves? What is maybe the most comfortable and pervasive garment in the world? A Tee shirt that is what! And what is it that makes a political statement, declares electoral devotion and shows support for the candidature or other cause? A political tee shirt that is what! Every time the elections roll around, there’s a fresh creativity in the world of tee shirt design, and there is a slew of Graphic Tees, or funny tshirts with a political message that start gaining popularity instantly.

Political tees can be employed to make any type of statement be it on the environment, democracy, liberty, war and peace or electoral candidate. There’s a good deal of funny tshirts impressed by President George W Bush and not in a pleasant way I may add. So it is that you’ve got a graphic tee of a diminutive Bush, with an elongated shadow behind him that of the malicious character from Star Wars, Darth Vader, complete with flourished sabre, with the caption Dubya Vader! Here’s another : Who would Jesus Bomb? The answer’s just a picture of a mad smiling Bush.

Then there are those tees that declare you to be a conservative or a liberal : here’s a truly funny tee ; I’d prefer to be a conservative nut job than a liberal with no nuts and no job. Or what about this one that claims to list the Top Ten Good Things About Liberals and then has a list with numbers ten to 2 left blank, and the number 1 being They Die At some point. Although the message is a little hostile you can’t help but smile. And here is one that does not mince any words about what the wearer thinks about Liberals : I just fixed a pussy. Now he’s a liberal. Then naturally there are all those Tees which declare to all and sundry who you are going to vote for in the subsequent election.

Graphic tees can be employed infrequently be used to make a serious political statement, say one relating to the environment : A harsh black tee with a monochrome picture of planet Earth on it, bears the slogan There is no Planet B, a good way to remind individuals that we want to look after the Earth Mother it’s the only one we have! Another thought inciting one would be a plain tee with the drawing of a tree on in, only the branches of the tree look more like the human brain and the words Think Green imprinted on it compel you to think.

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New Age Travellers documentary

Political Parties Webquest