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ethanol fuel

Chemistry
Structure of the ethanol molecule. All bonds are single bonds
Glucose (A simple sugar) is created by plant photosynthesis.
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6 O2
During ethanol fermentation, glucose is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 + heat
During the combustion of ethanol reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and heat:
C2H5OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O + heat
After doubling the combustion reaction because two molecules ethanol are produced for each molecule of glucose and the addition of all three reactions, there are equal numbers of each type of molecules of each side of the equation, and the net reaction of the total production and consumption of ethanol is:
light heat
The heat of combustion of ethanol is used to drive the piston in the expansion of hot gases from the engine. One could say that the sunlight is used to turn the engine.
Glucose itself is not the only substance in the plant that is fermented. Fructose, a simple sugar is also subject to fermentation. Three other compounds in the plant can be fermented after breaking due to the hydrolysis of molecules of glucose and fructose in them. Starch and cellulose are molecules that are chains of molecules of glucose and sucrose (ordinary table sugar) is a glucose molecule attached to a molecule fructose. The energy to create fructose in the plant has finally created the metabolism of glucose by photosynthesis, so that the light the sun provides the energy produced by the fermentation of these other molecules.
Ethanol can be produced industrially from ethylene (ethylene). The addition of water to ethene double bond converted to ethanol:
CH2 = CH2 + H2O CH3CH2OH
This is done in the presence of an acid which catalyzes the reaction, but not consumed. Ethylene is produced from oil by steam cracking.
When ethanol is burned in the atmosphere instead of pure oxygen, other reactions chemicals occur with the different components of the atmosphere as N2. This leads to the production of nitrogen oxides NOx, a pollutant atmosphere.
Sources
Main article: Culture of Energy
Harvesting of cane sugar
Cornfield in South Africa
Switchgrass
Ethanol is a renewable energy source because the energy is generated by a resource, sunlight, that is naturally replenished. Creation of ethanol starts with photosynthesis causing a commodity, like sugar cane or corn to grow. These raw materials are processed into ethanol.
About 5% of ethanol produced worldwide in 2003 was actually a petroleum product. It is catalytic hydration of ethylene consisting of sulfuric acid as catalyst. Can also be obtained by ethylene or acetylene, calcium carbide, coal, oil, gas and other sources. Two million tons of petroleum-derived ethanol are produced each year. The principal suppliers are plants in the U.S., Europe and South Africa. petroleum-derived ethanol (synthetic ethanol) is chemically identical to bio-ethanol and can be distinguished by radiocarbon dating.
Bio-ethanol generally obtained from processing materials based on carbon. Agricultural products are considered renewable because they derive their energy from the sun through photosynthesis, provided that all minerals required for growth (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) are returned to earth. Ethanol can be produced from a variety of feedstocks such as sugar cane, bagasse, miscanthus, sugar beet, sorghum, sorghum, millet, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit, molasses, corn stover, grain, straw Wheat, cotton, biomass, and many types of cellulose waste and collections, which is the greatest good to the evaluation of the four wheels.
Another method for producing ethanol from algae is being developed by the company Algenol. Instead close growth of algal cultures and times and algae grow in the sun and the production of ethanol that is directly extracted without killing the algae. He says the process can produce 6,000 gallons per acre per year, against 400 liters for the production of corn.
Currently, the first generation process of producing ethanol from corn using only a small portion of the corn plant: the corn kernels are extracted from plant corn and starch, this represents approximately 50% of the dry mass of the nucleus, is converted into ethanol. Two types of processes of second generation are being developed. The first type uses enzymes and yeast to convert plant cellulose into ethanol, while the second type uses pyrolysis to convert the entire plant is a bio-oil or syngas. the second-generation process can also be used with plants such as grasses, wood or agricultural waste such as straw.
Production process
See also: problems Ethanol made from corn
The basic steps for large scale production of ethanol are: micro-organisms (yeasts) the fermentation of sugars, distillation, dehydration (requirements vary, see ethanol fuel mixtures, below), and denaturation (optional). Before fermentation, some crops require saccharification or hydrolysis of carbohydrates such as cellulose and starch into sugars. Saccharification decomposition cellulose cellulose (see cellulosic ethanol). Enzymes are used to convert starch into sugar.
Fermentation
Article Detailed: ethanol fermentation
Ethanol is produced by microbial fermentation of sugar. Microbial fermentation is currently work directly with sugars. Two major components of plants, starch and cellulose, are composed of sugars, and can, in principle, be converted into sugars for fermentation. Currently, only the sugar (sugar cane, for example) and starch (corn, for example) the parts can be economically developed. However, there are a lot of activity in the field of cellulosic ethanol, which breaks the cellulose in plant sugar plants and then converted into ethanol.
Distillation
ethanol plant in West Burlington, Iowa
ethanol plant in Brazil Sertozinho.
For ethanol can be used as fuel, water must be removed. Most water is extracted by distillation, but purity is limited to 95-96% due to the formation of a low-water azeotrope boiling ethanol. 95.6% m / M (96.5% v / v) ethanol, 4.4% m / m (3.5% v / v) mixture of water can be used as fuel, but unlike anhydrous ethanol, insoluble in gasoline, so that the fraction of water is usually removed in the treatment of others in order to register in combination with gasoline in gasoline engines.
Dehydration
There are essentially five dehydration process for removing water from ethanol azeotropic / Water. The first process, which is used in many plants at the beginning of fuel ethanol, azeotropic distillation is called and is adding benzene and cyclohexane in the mixture. When these components are added to the mixture, it forms an azeotropic mixture of heterogeneous equilibrium vapor liquid-liquid distillation to produce anhydrous ethanol at the bottom of the column, and the mixture of water vapor of benzene and cyclohexane. When condensed, it becomes a mixture of two liquid phases. Another fast method, called extractive distillation, involves adding a ternary element to increase the relative volatility of ethanol. When the ternary mixture is distilled, anhydrous ethanol is produced in the flow of the upper column.
With careful attention to energy savings, many methods have been proposed to prevent dehydration distillation together. Among these methods, a third method was developed and has been adopted by most ethanol plants modern. This new method uses molecular sieves to remove water from fuel ethanol. In this process, vapor pressure of ethanol passes through a bed of molecular sieve beads. The heel of pores are sized to allow the absorption of water while excluding ethanol. After a period of time, the bed is regenerated under vacuum to remove absorbed water. Two beds are used so that no available to absorb water while the other regenerates. The dehydration technology can represent energy savings 3,000 BTU / gallon (840 kJ / l) compared to the previous azeotropic distillation.
Technology
Ethanol-based engines
Ethanol is most commonly used to power automobiles, though it can be used to power vehicles such as tractors, boats and airplanes. Ethanol (E100) consumption in an engine is about 51% higher than gasoline and that the energy per unit volume of ethanol is 34% less than gasoline. However, the compression ratio increased in ethanol engine will allow more power and better fuel economy than could be obtained with lower compression ratio. Generally, engines with ethanol, to listen to name but little power and better torque than gasoline engines. In flexible fuel vehicles, the lower compression ratio requires settings that give the same result when using either gasoline or hydrated ethanol. To maximize the benefits of ethanol, a compression ratio much higher should be used, which makes it unsuitable for use in motor gasoline. When the availability fuel ethanol vehicles are permitted compression ratio as ethanol, for practical reasons of efficiency, engines of this type must be equal to or greater than current gasoline engines. compression engine HVDC designs are only ethanol about 20-30% less fuel efficient than their gasoline-only counterparts.
A 2004 study at MIT and a previous study published by the Society of Automotive Engineers identify a method to exploit the characteristics of fuel ethanol for blending with significantly better gasoline. The method has the ability to leverage the use of alcohol to achieve a marked improvement on the cost-effectiveness of hybrid electric vehicles. The improvement is the use of double direct injection of pure alcohol (or azeotrope or E85) and gasoline in up to 100% of one, in a turbo, high compression ratio, engine displacement smaller than a performance similar to an engine twice the displacement. Each fuel is conducted separately, with a smaller tank for alcohol. high compression (which one increased efficiency) runtime on the cruise regular gasoline at low power. Alcohol is injected directly into the cylinders (And fuel injection while reduced) only when necessary to eliminate recess that during acceleration. Cylinder injection directly increases the already high-octane ethanol at a 130 effective. The calculated overall reduction of fuel consumption and emissions of CO2 is 30%. The consumption cost of recovery time shows an improvement of 4:01 turbodiesel and improvement 5:01 hybrid. In addition, problems of water absorption in the gas before the mixture (which causes phase separation), supply issues mixing ratios of collector and a cold start, while avoiding.
higher octane of ethanol can increase the compression ratio engine thermal efficiency higher. In one study, engine controls and increased exhaust emissions permits a compression ratio of 19.5 with fuels from pure ethanol to E50. Heat efficiency about it for a diesel has been reached. This would result in the MPG (Miles per gallon) of a vehicle dedicated to ethanol is almost the same as burning gasoline.
Since 1989 there have been other ethanol based on the principle of operation of diesel in Sweden. They are mainly used in city buses, but also trucks delivery and waste collection. The engines, manufactured by Scania, have changed the compression ratio and fuel (known as ED 95) using a 93.6% ethanol and ignition of 3.6% and 2.8% denaturants. The improved ignition can ignite the fuel in the diesel combustion cycle. It is then also possible to use the energy efficiency of ethanol-diesel principle. These engines were used in the reading UK transport, but the use of bioethanol is gradually out.why
Starter winter
2008 Honda Civic Brazilian flex-fuel has direct access outside the secondary fuel tank into the front right door fuel tank is indicated by the arrow.
mixtures high ethanol presents a problem to obtain a sufficient vapor pressure to evaporate the fuel and spark ignition in cold weather (in from ethanol tends to increase the enthalpy of vaporization of fuel). When the vapor pressure is less than 45 kPa starting an engine cold is difficult. To avoid this problem at temperatures below 11 degrees Celsius (59 F), and reduce emissions more ethanol during the cold season, both U.S. and European markets, E85 has adopted as the ultimate combination for use in vehicles flexible fuel, and are optimized to operate at a mixture. In places where the cold lasts, the blending of ethanol in the United States has reduced Seasonal E70 for these very cold regions, although it still sold as E85. In areas where temperatures drop below -12 C (10 F) in winter, install a heating system of the engine, for both gasoline and E85 vehicles. Sweden has a similar reduction in season, but the ethanol content in the mixture is reduced to E75 during the winter months.
flex-fuel vehicles Brazil can run on ethanol blends E100, which is hydrous ethanol (up to 4% water), causing the vapor pressure to fall more quickly relative to vehicles E85. Consequently, the Brazilian flex vehicles are built with a fuel tank located near the secondary engine. During startup cold injection of pure gasoline to avoid problems to begin at low temperature. This provision is particularly necessary for Users of southern and central Brazil, where temperatures often drop below 15 degrees Celsius (59 F) during winter. An improved generation flex engine was launched in 2009, which eliminates the need for gas storage tank secondary. In March 2009 Volkswagen do Brasil has launched the Polo E-Flex, the first Brazilian flex-fuel model, without an auxiliary tank for cold starts.
Ethanol Fuel
For more details on this topic, see Common ethanol fuel mixtures.
hydrated ethanol gasoline type C price table for use in Brazil
To avoid engine shutdown due to "chips" of water in the fuel lines to disrupt the flow of fuel, the fuel must exist as a single phase. The fraction of water that ethanol-gasoline can contain any increase in phase separation with the percentage of ethanol .. This shows, by example, that E30 can have up to about 2% of the water. If more than 71% ethanol, the rest can be any proportion water or gasoline and phase separation does not occur. However, fuel consumption decreases with higher water content. The higher solubility water with a higher content of ethanol E30 and hydrated ethanol can put in the same tank since any combination of them always results in a single phase. A little less water is tolerated at lower temperatures. For E10 is about 0.5% v / v of 70 F and decreases to about 0.23% v / v -30 ° C.
Drive from many countries are forced to run on blends of ethanol. The Brazil requires cars be suitable for 25% ethanol blend, and has required various mixtures between 22% and 25% ethanol, Since July 2007 25% is required. The United States allows up to 10% blends, and some states require this (or a lesser amount) in all gasoline sold. Other countries have adopted their own needs. From the 1999 model year, an increasing number of vehicles in the world are manufactured with engines that can run on any fuel Ethanol 0% to 100% ethanol without modification. Many cars and light trucks (a class containing minivans, SUVs and vans) are designed to be flexible fuel vehicles (also called dual-fuel vehicles). Over the years the former model, engine systems such as sensors in the fuel alcohol and / or oxygen sensors in exhaust gases that are contributing to the engine control computer to adjust fuel injection to achieve stoichiometric (No residual fuel or free oxygen in the exhaust), the air-fuel mixture for fuel. In more recent models alcohol sensors have been removed, with the computer using only the sensor information to estimate the oxygen content alcohol in air. The engine control computer also adjustable (pre) development of improved performance without pre-ignition when it is expected that higher percentages of alcohol are present in the fuel burns. This method is based on leading-edge impact sensors – used in most gasoline engines, high performance, regardless of whether they are designed to use ethanol or not – Those who are detected before ignition and detonation.
Fuel Economy
In theory, all motor vehicle fuel consumption (Miles per gallon or liters per 100 km) which is directly proportional to the energy content of fuel. In fact, there are many other variables involved into play that affect the performance of a fuel in a particular engine. Ethanol contains approx. 34% less energy per unit volume gasoline, and thus, in theory, the combustion of pure ethanol in a vehicle will result in a 34% reduction in miles per gallon, taking into account the same fuel economy compared to gasoline burning. Since ethanol has a higher octane, the motor can be more effective to improve the compression ratio. In fact using a variable turbocharger, the compression ratio can be optimized for fuel, saving fuel almost constant for any combination. . For E10 (Ethanol 10% and 90% gasoline), the effect is small (~ 3%) compared to conventional gasoline, and even lower (1-2%) compared to oxygenated and reformulated blends. However, for E85 (85% ethanol), the effect is significant. E85 is less mileage than gasoline, requiring more frequent service stations. Performance Actual may vary depending on the vehicle. Based on EPA tests all models E85, 2006, the average fuel economy for E85 vehicles was 25.56% less than unleaded petrol. EPA mileage rating of U.S. News flex-fuel vehicles should be considered when comparing prices, but it should be noted that the E85 is a fuel with a high performance octane of about 104, and must be compared with the premium. At an estimated U.S. retail price for E85 ethanol is U.S. $ 2.62 or $ 3.71 per gallon corrected the energy equivalence a gallon of gasoline at a price of $ 3.03. Brazilian cane ethanol (100%) is priced at $ 3.88 versus $ 4.91 for E25 (July 2007).
systems of production to consumption
While biodiesel production systems have been marketed to users Home and business for many years, traded ethanol production systems designed for use by final consumers have been on the market. In 2008, two companies of different scale systems, announced the production of ethanol at home. The AFS125 Advanced Fuel System Allard R & D is able to produce ethanol and biodiesel on a machine, while the E-100 MicroFueler E-Fuel Corporation dedicated to ethanol.
The experience of a country
The adult world fuel ethanol producers in 2008 were the United States with 9.0 million U.S. liquid gallons (BG) and Brazil (6.47 bg), which represents 89% of the 17.33 billion U.S. World gallons (65.6 million liters). strong incentives, with other development initiatives in the industry are causing the ethanol industry emerging in countries like Canada, China, Thailand, Colombia, India, Australia and some countries in Central America. However, ethanol has not yet made a dent in world oil consumption of about 4000 million tons / year (84 million barrels / day) in 2006.
Total production Ethanol year (all grades)
Country (2004-2006)
The 15 countries
(In millions of U.S. gallons per year)
Annual production fuel ethanol
Country (2007-2008)
The 15 countries or blocs
(In millions of U.S. gallons per year)
World
Range
Country
2006
2005
2004
World
Range
Country / Region
2008
2007
1
United States
4,855
4,264
3,535
1
United States
9,000.0
6,498.6
2
Brazil
4,491
4,227
3,989
2
Brazil
6,472.2
5,019.2
3
China
1,017
1,004
964
3
The European Union
733.6
570.3
4
India
502
449
462
4
China
501.9
486.0
5
France
251
240
219
5
Canada
237.7
211.3
6
Germany
202
114
71
6
Thailand
89.8
79.2
7
Russia
171
198
198
7
Colombia
79.3
74.9
8
Canada
153
61
61
8
India
66.0
52.8
9
Spain
122
93
79
9
Central America
n / a
39.6
10
South Africa
102
103
110
10
Australia
26.4
26.4
11
Thailand
93
79
74
11
Turkey
n / a
15.8
12
United States
74
92
106
12
Pakistan
n / a
9.2
13
Ukraine
71
65
66
13
Peru
n / a
7.9
14
Poland
66
58
53
14
Argentina
n / a
5.2
15
Saudi Arabia
52
32
79
15
Paraguay
n / a
4.7
World total
13,489
12,150
10,770
Total world
17,335.29
13,101.7
Brazil
Main article: Ethanol fuel in Brazil and history fuel ethanol in Brazil
Brazil has ethanol fuel across the country. A typical gas station at Petrobras Sao Paulo with dual fuel service, marked by an alcohol (ethanol) and G gasoline.
Typical Brazilian "flex" models manufacturers different car, running on any mixture of ethanol and gasoline, gasohol E20-E25 to E100 ethanol.
The Honda CG 150 Titan Mix was launched on the Brazilian market in 2009 and became the first flex-fuel motorcycle sold worldwide.
Brazil's Program largest and biofuels in the world, which involves the production of fuel ethanol from sugar cane, and considered that the first sustainable biofuels economy. In 2006, Brazilian ethanol provide fuel for 18% of the sector the country's road transport needs of consumption, and in April 2008, over 50% of fuel consumption for the gasoline market. Following the increased use of ethanol, and national exploitation of petroleum resources offshore Brazil, which had years to import oil if needed to Domestic consumption in 2006 reached full autonomy in the oil supply.
Overall, Brazil and the United States bears the industrial world in global ethanol production, which together account for 70% of world production and nearly 90% of ethanol used as fuel. In 2006 Brazil produced 16.3 billion liters (4.3 million U.S. gallons liquid), representing 33.3% of the global production of ethanol and 42% ethanol in the world, used as fuel. Sugar cane plantations cover 3.6 million hectares of land for ethanol production, representing only 1% of arable land in Brazil, with a productivity of 7500 liters of ethanol per hectare cons with the U.S. productivity of corn ethanol than 3000 liters per hectare.
The ethanol industry in Brazil is more than 30 years, and more subsidized production and use of ethanol is promoted by:
loans at low interest rates to build ethanol distilleries
guaranteed purchase of ethanol by the state oil company at a reasonable price
retail price of ethanol True that is competitive, if not slightly favorable to the gasoline-ethanol mixture
Tax incentives for the years 1980 to encourage the purchase of vehicles on pure ethanol.
Purchase guarantee and price regulation is over a few years ago, with relatively positive results. In addition to these other policies, ethanol producers in São Paulo state has established a research center and technology transfer was effective in improving yields of sugar cane and ethanol.
No cars and light Brazil running on pure gasoline. Since 1977, the government required to mix 20% ethanol (E20) with gasoline (gasohol) requiring only a small adjustment to motor gasoline. Today, the mandatory blending is allowed to change the country from 20% to 25% ethanol (E25) and is used by all cars and regular gasoline flex-fuel vehicles. The Brazilian automotive industry developed flex-fuel vehicles can run on any proportion of gasoline and ethanol. Entered the market in 2003, these vehicles is become a commercial success. In December 2009, the fleet of "flex" cars and light commercial vehicles reached 9.35 million motorcycles and 183,300 flex-fuel. The run on ethanol and "flex" vehicles, as they are known people, are built to withstand ethanol hydrate (E100), an azeotrope consisting of ethanol to 95.6% and 4.4% water.
The latest innovation in technology Brazilian flex-fuel motorcycle is the development of "flex-fuel. The first motorcycle bending was launched by Honda in May 2009. Produced by its subsidiary, Moto Honda da Amaznia Brazil CG 150 Titan Mix sells for about U.S. $ 2.700. During the first eight months after the launch of the CG 150 Titan Mix has sold 139,059 motorcycles, a market share of 10.6% and second highest sales of new motorcycles in the Brazilian market in October 2009.
United States
Fuel Ethanol U.S.
production and imports
(2001-2008)
(In million U.S. gallons)
Year
Production
Imports
Request
2001
1,770
n / a
n / a
2002
2,130
46
2,085
2003
2,800
61
2,900
2004
3,400
161
3,530
2005
3,904
135
4,049
2006
4,855
653
5,377
2007
6,500
450
6,847
2008
9,000
556
9,637
Note: Figures in demand include population exchange
and exports of small in 2005
Article Detailed: ethanol fuel in the U.S.
The United States produces and consumes more ethanol fuel than any other country in the world. The use of ethanol as a fuel dates back to Henry Ford, who in 1896 designed his first car, the "Quad" to work pure ethanol. Then in 1908, produced the famous Model T Ford able to run on gasoline, ethanol or a combination of both. Ford continues to advocate for ethanol as fuel even during Prohibition.
Most cars on the road today in the United States can use mixtures containing up to 10% ethanol, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to operate with much higher ethanol blends. In 2007, Portland, Oregon became the first U.S. city to require all gasoline sold within the city limits to contain at least 10% ethanol. In January 2008, three states of Missouri, Minnesota and Hawaii require ethanol be blended with gasoline. Many cities also require ethanol blends because of not achieving the quality objectives air from the federal government.
FlexFuel E85 Chevrolet Impala LT 2009, Miami, Florida.
Several manufacturers, including Ford, Chrysler and GM Sales of flex-fuel vehicles can use blends of gasoline and ethanol, pure gasoline over the full height of 85% ethanol (E85). In mid-2006 there were approximately six million E85-compatible vehicles in the U.S. roads.
U.S. There are currently about 1,900 stations distribute ethanol, but most stations are located in the corn belt. A method of debate for the distribution of the United States is the use existing pipelines, increasing concerns about corrosion. In all cases, some companies have proposed building a pipeline of 1,700 miles to carry ethanol from the Midwest through Central Pennsylvania to New York.
production of fuel ethanol from corn United States is controversial for several reasons. Ethanol production from corn is 5 to 6 times less efficient than is produced from the sugarcane. The production of corn ethanol is highly dependent on subsidies that consume food crops to produce fuel. Grants paid to refiners and ethanol refineries have been often cited as a reason to increase the price of corn, and farmers plant more Corn and major land conversion from corn (maize) is generally consumes more fertilizers and pesticides than many other uses land. This is in contradiction with the subsidies actually paid directly to farmers that are designed to remove corn from the land of output and pay farmers to plant grass and fallow land, often in conjunction with soil conservation programs in order to boost corn prices. Recent developments in cellulosic ethanol production and commercialization may allay some of these concerns. Theoretically speaking much more efficient production of ethanol has been suggested that their use of beet sugar about the same amount of ethanol corn without using food crop maize mainly because sugar beets are less able to grow tropical sugar cane.
The Most of the ethanol consumed in the United States is in the form of gasoline blends below 10%. It shows a fuel pump E10 mandatory sale Maryland.
In October 2008, the first biofuels corridor "was officially opened by the I-65, a major highway in the central United States. Extending from northern Indiana to southern Alabama, the corridor consists of over 200 individual stations allows a smooth oriented on Lake Michigan in the Gulf of Mexico, without being more than the value of a quarter tank of fuel E85 pump.
April 23, 2009, the California Air Resources Board approved the rules and values of carbon intensity baseline for fuel California low-carbon standard (LCFS) to become effective January 1, 2011. During the consultation process has generated controversy about the inclusion of indirect effects and modeling the change of use land. After the decision of the BRAC, among other criticisms, representatives of the ethanol industry United States complained that this standard exaggerates the environmental impacts of corn ethanol, and also criticized the inclusion of indirect effects of changes in the use earth as an unjust penalty for corn ethanol produced in the country because of deforestation in the developing world is related to the production ethanol in the United States. The initial reference value set for 2011 for LCFS means that corn ethanol from the Midwest do not respond the California standards unless the carbon is being reduced.
A similar controversy arose after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued May 5, 2009, his knowledge of the regulations proposed standard on new renewable fuels (RFS). Bill has been published for public comment for a period of 60 days. EPA draft regulation also includes the carbon footprint of indirect changes in the use land. The same day, President Barack Obama signed a presidential directive to advance research and improve the marketing of biofuels. The Council established an Interagency Working Group for biofuels are part of the three agencies, the Ministry of Agriculture, Environmental Protection Agency Environment and the Department of Energy. This group has developed a plan to increase the use of fuel for vehicles flexible and contribute to the efforts of retailing. policies also coordinated infrastructure for the supply, transmission and distribution security biofuels. The group will also propose policy ideas to increase investment in new generation fuels like ethanol cellulose and reduce the footprint environmental impact of crops for biofuels, especially ethanol from corn.
Europe
Bioethanol production in the
European Union (GWh)
N
Country
2005
2006
1
Germany
978
2,554
2
Spain
1,796
2,382
3
France
853
1,482
4
Sweden
907
830
5
Italy
47
759
6
Poland
379
711
7
Hungary
207
201
8
Lithuania
47
107
9
Netherlands
47
89
10
Czech Republic
0
89
11
Latvia
71
71
12
Finland
77
0
27
Total
5,411
9,274
na = not available
The consumption of bioethanol in the
European Union (GWh)
N
Country
2005
2006
2007
1
Germany
1,682
3,544
3,408
2
France
871
1,719
3,174
3
Sweden
1,681
1,894
2,113
4
Spain
1,314
1,332
1,310
5
Poland
329
611
991
6
United States
502
563
907
7
Bulgaria
–
0
769
8
Austria
0
0
254
9
Slovakia
0
4
154
10
Lithuania
10
64
135
11
Hungary
28
136
107
12
Netherlands
0
179
101
13
Denmark
–
42
70
14
Ireland
0
13
54
15
Latvia
5
12
20
16
Luxembourg
0
0
10
17
Slovenia
0
2
9
18
Czech Republic
0
13
2
19
Italy
59
0
0
20
Finland
0
10
na
27
The EU
6,481
10,138
13,563
The consumption of bioethanol Europe is largest in Germany, Sweden, France and Spain. Europe produces equivalent to 90% of consumption (2006). Germany produces about 70% of its consumption, Spain 60% Sweden 50% (2006). In Sweden there are 792 stations and France E85 131 E85 stations with more than 550 under construction.
Monday, September 17, 2007, the pump fuel ethanol first was opened in Reykjavik, Iceland. This pump is the only of its kind in Iceland. Fuel Brimborg is imported by a distributor of Volvo, as a pilot to see how ethanol cars work in Iceland.
In the gas in the Netherlands not regular bio-additives is slowly outphased, the EU has adopted legislation that requires the fraction of non-mineral origin to become minimum of 5.75% of consumption Total fuel in 2010. This can be done by substituting diesel or petrol in any biological source, or fuel sold as pure biofuels. (2007) there are only a few service stations that sell E85, which is 85% ethanol blend of 15% gasoline. direct neighbor of Germany made reported a better infrastructure and biofuels offer E85 and E50. Biofuels are taxed as regular fuel. However, fuel collapsed abroad can not be taxed and a recent payment receipt in most cases suffice to prevent fines if customs check the contents of the tank. (The authorities are aware of the high taxes on fuels and fuel reloading border is a well-known.)
An example a power bus with ethanol. This is a Scania OmniCity, which was filmed in the United Kingdom, which is not widely used fuel. A larger fleet of similar buses will enter service in Stockholm in 2008.
Sweden
ethanol-fuel primary Sweden: Article
Sweden is the leading country in Europe regarding the use of ethanol as fuel, but it imports Most ethanol. All Swedish gas stations are the only ones authorized by an Act of Parliament to provide at least one alternative fuel and every fifth car in Stockholm and units of at least partially on alternative fuels, mainly ethanol. The number of ethanol stations Europe is the highest in Sweden, with 1,200 stations and a fleet of more than 116,000 flex fuel vehicles, from July 2008.
Stockholm introduce a fleet of hybrid electric buses of Sweden in its public transport system on an experimental basis in 2008. These buses are used engines internal combustion fueled with ethanol and electric motors. The diesel vehicles use ethanol.
To achieve wider use of biofuels various government incentives conducted. Ethanol, like other biofuels, are exempt from tax on CO2 and energy until 2009, causing a 30% discount on E85 gasoline pump. In addition, other incentives the request of owners of flex fuel vehicles include a premium of $ 1,800 to buyers of FFV, exemption from congestion charge in Stockholm, 20% discount on auto insurance, free parking in most of the largest cities, lower annual registration taxes and a reduction tax of 20% for company cars to flex fuel. In addition, a program, the Swedish government decided that 25% of its purchases vehicles (except police vehicles, fire and ambulance) must be alternative fuel vehicles., In the first months of 2008, this package of incentives as a result of sales of flex-fuel cars represent 25% of new car sales.
ethanol stations
The European Union
Country
Stations
No/106
People
Sweden
1,200
131.26
France
211
3.27
Germany
193
2.35
Switzerland
40
5.27
Ireland
29
6.84
United States
22
0.36
Asia
China
Main article: Bioenergy in China
China is promoting ethanol-based fuel on a pilot basis five cities in the Midwest and Northeast, a movement to create a new market for its surplus grain and reduce consumption of oil. Cities are Zhengzhou, Luoyang and Nanyang in central Henan province, and Harbin and Zhaodong in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China. Under the program, will the Henan promote ethanol-based fuel across the province later this year. Officials say the movement is very important to help stabilize grain prices, raise farmers' incomes and reducing petrol-induced air pollution.
Thailand
Thailand already using 10% ethanol (E10) wide scale in the local market. Since 2008, Thailand began with the sale of E20 and E85 at the end of 2008 flexible fuel vehicles were introduced with only two service stations sell E85.
Thailand decided convert some of the cellars of securities by the Government of cassava fuel ethanol. Ethanol production from cassava intensified to help manage agricultural products of cassava and sugarcane. With its abundant biomass resources, it is believed that the program of fuel ethanol will be a new means of creating employment in rural areas, while improving the balance of fuel imports.
Australia
Article: Ethanol fuel in Australia
Australian legislation imposed a ceiling of 10% concentration of ethanol-blended fuel. 90% blends of unleaded gasoline and 10% ethanol called E10. E10 is available through service stations operating under pressure, Caltex, Shell and trademarks, as well as a number of small independents. Not surprisingly, the E10 is more widely available next generation sources in Queensland and New South Wales, where sugar cane is grown. E10 is most often blended with 91 RON unleaded fuel. It is not necessary that retailers label blends containing fuel ethanol in the tank.
Due to increased pressure stability of ethanol is used by Shell in its gasoline octane 100. IFS even add ethanol 10% gasoline 91 octane, gasoline super label and sell it cheaper than regular unleaded. This is contrary to the general practice of adding ethanol to fuel quality lower the octane number of 91.
Concern was expressed about the use of ethanol-gasoline fuel vehicles In 2003, however, manufacturers widely claimed that their vehicles were the vehicles of these fuels. Since then, there have been no reports of effects dangerous vehicles using ethanol fuels.
Caribbean Basin
Fuel Ethanol U.S.
imports Country
(2002-2007)
(In million U.S. gallons)
Country
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
Brazil
188.8
433.7
31.2
90.3
0
0
Jamaica
75.2
66.8
36.3
36.6
39.3
29.0
El Salvador
73.3
38.5
23.7
5.7
6.9
4.5
Trinidad and Tobago
42.7
24.8
10.0
0
0
0
Costa Rica
39.3
35.9
33.4
25.4
14.7
12.0
All the countries of Central America, northern South America and the Caribbean are in a tropical climate suitable for growing cane. In fact, most of these countries have a long tradition of cultivation of sugarcane mainly the production of sugar and alcohol.
As a result of guerrilla movements in Central America, in 1983 the U.S. unilaterally and temporarily approved the Caribbean Basin Initiative, which allows most countries in the region to benefit from multi-tariff trade benefits. These advantages became permanent in 1990 and, more recently, these advantages have been replaced by the Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act, adopted in 2000, and the Republic Dominican Republicentral American Free Trade came into force in 2008. All these agreements have led to several countries in the region to export ethanol United States duty free. Until 2004, countries that have benefited most are Jamaica and Costa Rica, but the United States began the demand for more fuel ethanol, the two countries increased their exports, and two others started to export. In 2007, Jamaica, El Salvador, Trinidad and Tobago and Costa Rica exports to the United States with a total of 230.5 million gallons of ethanol, which represents 54.1% of imports U.S. fuel ethanol. Brazil began to export ethanol to the United States in 2004 and exported 188.8 million gallons representing 44.3% of ethanol imports from the United States in 2007. Imports of other this year has come Canada and China.
In March 2007, "diplomacy ethanol" was the central theme of President George W. Bush's Latin American tour, in which he and Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva aims to promote the production and use of ethanol made from sugar cane in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Both countries also agreed to exchange technology and establish standards for biofuels. Technology transfer from Brazilian cane sugar allow several countries in Central America, the Caribbean and the Andean countries to take advantage of trade agreements duty-free to increase or become U.S. exporters in the short term. In addition, in August 2007, Brazil's President visited Mexico and several Central American and Caribbean to promote Brazilian ethanol technology. The ethanol alliance between the U.S. and Brazil generated some feedback negative Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez and Cuban President Fidel Castro, who wrote that "you will see the number of people among the masses hungry planet will no longer consume corn. "" Or worse, "he continued," by offering financing to poor countries to produce of ethanol from corn or other food, no tree will be left to defend humanity from climate change. "Daniel Ortega, President Nicaragua, and one of the first beneficiaries of the technical assistance of Brazil also expressed criticism of the Bush plan, but pledged the support of ethanol from sugar cane during Lula's visit to Nicaragua.
Colombia
ethanol program in Colombia began in 2002, based on a law passed in 2001 ordered a mixture of 10% ethanol with regular gasoline, and the plan is to gradually a mixture of 25% in twenty years. The production of ethanol from sugar cane began in 2005 when the Act came into force, and local production was insufficient to supply enough ethanol fleet across the country, the program was held only in cities of over 500,000 inhabitants, Cali, Pereira, and the capital of Bogota. All production of ethanol from the department of Valle del Cauca, sugarcane traditional British in the region. The Cassava is the second largest source of ethanol, and potatoes and castor oil also under consideration.
In March 2009, the Colombian government approved a mandate to introduce E85 flexible fuel vehicles. The decree applies to all petrol cars with engines smaller than 2.0 liters manufactured, imported and marketed in the country since 2012, directing that 60% of vehicles must be equipped with FlexFuel engines can operate gasoline or E85 or any mixture of both. In 2014, the compulsory fee is 80% to 100% for 2016. All vehicles engine of more than 2.0 liters, E85 from 2013. The decree also requires that by 2011 all gasoline stations should provide infrastructure to ensure the availability of E85 across the country. The mandatory introduction of E85 flex-fuel has been controversial.
Costa Rica
The government, based on the National Programme on Biofuels, established the mandatory use of all gasoline sold in Costa Rica with a mixture of ethanol from about 7.5% from October 2008. The implementation phase follows a two-year trial which took place in provinces of Guanacaste and Puntarenas. The government wants to increase the percentage of ethanol blended with gasoline to 12% over the next 4-5 years. Government of Costa Rica is implementing this policy to reduce dependence on foreign oil and reduce the amount greenhouse gas emissions produced. The plan also calls for increased production of crops for ethanol and tax breaks for vehicles flex-fuel and other alternative fuel vehicles. However, the introduction of 7% ethanol has been postponed to September 2008 early 2009. This delay is due to the demand of the national association of fuel distributors to take more time to adapt their supply infrastructure. additional delays caused another service stations are not yet ready to manage the implementation of ethanol fuel, and is now scheduled for November 2009.
Despite official deferral, during the months of February and March 2009, mixtures of different ethanol was sold to consumers without notice, which was cause for complaint. The distribution company National RECOPE, said he had bought 50,000 barrels of ethanol and stored ready for distribution, so we decided to use as an oxygenate to replace MTBE. However, Retail sales of E7 without interruption in the test regions of Guanacaste and the Central Pacific for three years.
El Salvador
Following the agreement Cooperation between the United States and Brazil, El Salvador was chosen in 2007 to lead a pilot to enter the state of the art technology sugar cane grown for the production of fuel ethanol in Central America, bilateral technical cooperation that is trying to help Central American countries to reduce dependence on foreign oil.
Comparison of Brazil and the United States
Development ethanol productivity per hectare of sugar cane grown in Brazil between 1975 and 2004. Source: Goldemberg (2008).
The Brazilian industry Sugar cane is much more efficient than the U.S. industry with corn. Brazilian distillers are able to produce ethanol from 22 cents a liter, compared to 30 cents per liter of ethanol from corn. the culture of sugar cane needs a tropical or subtropical with a minimum of 600 mm (24 inches) of rainfall years. Reed Sugar is one of the plant kingdom, photosynthetic most effective, capable of converting up to 2% of solar energy into biomass. Ethanol is produced by fermentation of yeast extract sugar from sugar cane.
production cane sugar in the United States occurs in Florida, Louisiana, Hawaii and Texas. first growth regions such as Hawaii, sugarcane can produce 20 kg per square meter of surface area exposed to sunlight. The first three plants to produce ethanol from sugarcane is expected to function go online in Louisiana by mid 2009. plants Lacassin sugar mill in St. James and Bunkie became the production of ethanol from sugar cane based on the use of technology in Colombia to allow efficient production of ethanol. The three plants produce 100 million gallons of ethanol five years.
U.S. ethanol derived from corn costs 30% more than the corn starch must be converted into sugar before which is distilled alcohol. Despite this difference in production costs, unlike Japan and Sweden, the United States does not matter much ethanol from Brazil because barriers to trade in the United States for an amount of 54 cents per gallon tax to compensate for the mixer 45 percent tax credit Federal gal who applies ethanol, whatever their country of origin. One advantage of the U.S. offer ethanol derivative Maize is the third option of returning the material back into the market as a replacement of corn used in the form of distillers grains.
Comparison of key characteristics between
the ethanol industry in the United States and Brazil
Features
Brazil
United States
Units / comments
raw
Cane
Corn
effective for the main harvest ethanol production, the United States less than 2% of other cultures.
The total production of fuel ethanol (2008)
6,472
9,000
Million U.S. gallons of liquid
Total arable land
355
270 (1)
million hectares.
The total area used for the harvest of ethanol (2006)
3.6 (1%)
10 (3.7%)
million hectares (% of total harvest)
Productivity ha
6,800-8,000
3,800-4,000
Liters of ethanol per hectare. Brazil is 727 to 870 gallons / acre (2006), the United States is 321 to 424 gallons / acre (2003)
Balance energy (the energy productivity)
8.3-10.2
1.3 to 1.6
Relations between the energy obtained from ethanol and energy expended in its production
emissions of greenhouse gases estimated reduction
86-90% (2)
10-30% (2)
Greenhouse gas emissions avoided by using% ethanol instead of gasoline, the use of existing farmland (ILUC n).
Full carbon intensity of the life cycle
73.40
105.10 (3)
gram equivalent CO2 released per MJ of energy, including indirect changes in land use.
emissions estimated recovery time Greenhouse gas emissions
17 years (4)
93 years (4)
Brazil closed the prairies of sugarcane and the United States for corn. Change scenarios for land use Fargione
Flexible-fuel vehicle fleet
9300000
8.0 million
Cars and light trucks. Brazil in December 2009 (E100 FFV). United States in early 2009 (E85 FFV).
ethanol fueling stations in the country
35 017 (100%)
2113 (1%)
As% of total stations in the country. Brazil, in December 2007. U.S. in January 2010. (170,000 in total.)
share ethanol in the gasoline market
50% (5)
4%
As% of the base of total consumption. Brazil from April 2008. United States from December 2006.
Production cost (USD / gal)
0.83
1.14
2006/2007 for Brazil (22/liter), 2004 amounting to (35/liter)
State subsidy (in USD)
0 (6)
0.45/gallon
United States of 01/01/2009 as a tax credit. ethanol production in Brazil and is not subsidized (6).
Import tariffs (in USD)
20% (FOB)
0.54/gallon
fuel ethanol imports from Brazil in 2002. U.S. regularly.
Notes: (1) Only contiguous U.S. excluding Alaska. (2) Assuming no change in land use. (3) Estimate the CARB for corn ethanol in the Midwest. carbon fuels in California mixed with ethanol 10% 95.86. (4) Assuming that the change of land use directly. (5) If diesel vehicles are included and the ethanol content is lower energy by volume, ethanol accounted for 16.9% of consumption on the road in the energy sector in 2007. (6) of the Brazilian ethanol production is not subsidized but gasoline is heavily taxed through the promotion of fuel ethanol (~ 54% tax). In late July 2008, when oil prices were close to his last peak and the exchange rate of the Brazilian real against the U.S. dollar is near its minimum price last average for gasoline at the pump less in Brazil was U.S. $ 6.00 per gallon while the average price of U.S. was $ 3.98 a gallon. The latest increase in gas retail prices in Brazil was the end of 2005 when the price of oil was 60 dollars a barrel.
Environment
Energy balance
Energy balance
Country
Type
Energy balance
United States
Corn ethanol
1.3
Brazil
Sugar cane ethanol
8
Germany
Biodiesel
2.5
United States
Cellulosic ethanol
236
experimental, and not in commercial production
according production method
Main article: Ethanol fuel balance of energy
All biomass spends at least some of these stages should be cultivated, collected, drying, fermentation, and burns. All this requires resources and infrastructure. The total of energy in the process compared with the energy released by burning ethanol that results is known as the name of the balance of energy (or "net gain of energy). The figures collected in 2007 by the National Geographic Magazine to point modest results for corn ethanol produced in the United States: one unit of fossil energy is needed to create 1.3 units energy resulting from ethanol. The energy balance for ethanol from sugarcane produced in Brazil is more favorable, 1:8. Estimates of the energy budget are not easy to produce, as numerous reports have been produced that are contradictory. For example, a study separate production of ethanol from sugarcane, which requires a tropical climate to grow productively, yields 8-9 units of energy for each unit of expenditure in comparison to corn which only returns about 1.34 units of fuel energy for every unit of energy spent.
Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas emissions is emitted during fermentation and combustion. Yet this is bypassed by the absorption carbon dioxide rose plants grown to produce biomass. Compared to gasoline, according to the production method, ethanol releases greenhouse gas emissions less.
Air pollution
Compared with conventional unleaded gasoline, ethanol is a source of particles free combustion which burns with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and aldehydes. Gasoline produces 2.44 kg of oil equivalent CO2 / l of ethanol and 1.94 (ie 21% less CO2) [citation needed]. Act Clean Air requires the addition of oxygenates to reduce emissions of carbon monoxide in the United States. Additive MTBE is eliminated due to contamination of groundwater, therefore, ethanol becomes an attractive alternative additive. Current methods of production include air pollution by the manufacturer of macronutrient fertilizer and ammonia.
A study by atmospheric scientists at Stanford University found that E85 would increase the risk of death from air pollution compared to gasoline by 9% in Los Angeles, USA: a very large urban metropolis, based in the car, which is the worst. Levels ozone were significantly increased, thereby increasing photochemical smog and aggravating medical problems such as asthma.
Manufacturing
In 2002, control of production process of ethanol from maize revealed that they released VOCs (volatile organic compounds) at a higher rate that had been previously reported. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) subsequently reached agreement with Archer Daniels Midland and Cargill, two of the largest producers of ethanol to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds. VOCs are produced when the mixture of fermented Corn is dried for sale as a dietary supplement livestock. Devices known as thermal oxidation or catalytic oxidation can be attached to plants burning hazardous gases.
Carbon dioxide
See also: Fuel low carbon
UK Government estimate the carbon intensity of ethanol from corn grown in the United States and burned in the United Kingdom.
UK Chart figures the carbon intensity of bioethanol and fossil fuels. This table assumes that all bioethanol is burned in your home country and the land existing farm are used to produce the raw material.
The calculation of exactly how the carbon dioxide is produced in manufacturing Bioethanol is complex and inaccurate, and depends largely on the method by which ethanol is produced and the assumptions used in the calculation. A calculation should include:
The cost of cultivation of raw materials
The cost of transporting raw materials to the factory
The cost of processing raw material into ethanol
This calculation may or may not consider the following effects:
The cost of changing land use in the region where the fuel load is grown.
The cost of transporting ethanol from the factory to its point of use
The effectiveness bioethanol compared to gasoline standard
The amount of carbon dioxide in the exhaust pipe.
Benefits due to production of useful byproducts such as livestock feed or electricity.
The right graph shows the figures calculated by the Government of the United Kingdom for the purpose of the obligation to transport renewable fuel.
January 2006 article ERG University of Science Berkeley, reduction Estimated greenhouse gas emissions from corn ethanol by 13% after reviewing a large number of studies. However, a correction that section issued shortly after the release, which reduces the value is estimated at 7.4%. An article in National Geographic Magazine overview (2007) puts emission figures CO2 22% less in the production and use of corn ethanol compared to gasoline and a reduction of 56% ethanol cane. Manufacturer Ford Motor reported a 70% reduction in CO2 emissions with bioethanol compared to gasoline at one of its flexible fuel vehicles.
A further complication is that production requires tilling new land that produces a unique version of gas greenhouse effect that may take decades or centuries reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases in the game. For example, conversion of grasslands to production of corn for ethanol has a century of annual savings to offset greenhouse gas emissions released from initial tillage.
Change in land use
See also: the indirect impacts of changing land use of biofuels
the large-scale agriculture is needed to produce agricultural alcohol, which requires large amounts of farmland. University of Minnesota researchers report that if all corn grown in the United States were used to make ethanol would displace 12% of current gasoline consumption United States. N that land for ethanol production is acquired through deforestation, while others have observed that areas currently Forests support are therefore not suitable for crops. In any case, agriculture can lead to reduced soil fertility due to reduction organic matter, reduced availability and water quality, increased use of pesticides and fertilizers and the potential displacement local communities. However, new technology enables farmers and processors to increasingly produce the same result with fewer inputs.
production of cellulosic ethanol is a new approach that can alleviate the land use and related concerns. Ethanol Cellulose can be produced from any plant material, which could double yields in an effort to minimize conflict between food needs to the needs of fuel. Instead of using only the starch by-product of milling wheat and other crops, cellulosic ethanol production maximizes the use of all plant materials, including gluten. This approach would have a lower carbon footprint because the amount of energy intensive fertilizers and fungicides remain the same for higher output of usable material. The technology to produce ethanol Cellulose is the commercialization stage.
Many analysts suggest that irrespective of fuel ethanol is used production strategy, the fuel conservation efforts are also needed to make a big impact on reducing oil consumption.
Use of ethanol to electricity
The conversion of biomass into electricity to recharge electric vehicles can be more climate-friendly "transportation option that using biomass to produce fuel ethanol, according to an analysis published in Science in May "You make more efficient use of land and more efficient use of biomass plants, making electricity rather than ethanol," Elliott said Campbell, an environmental specialist at the University of California, Merced, who led the research. "This is another why, instead of running liquid biofuels, consider other uses of biological resources. "
For bioenergy to become a generalized solution of the climate, however, improvements are needed, analysts said. Researchers continue to search for events more profitable in both cellulose ethanol and advanced vehicle batteries.
Health costs of emissions of ethanol
To every billion gallons of ethanol produced equivalent and burned the U.S., the combined costs of climate change and health are $ 469 million for gasoline, $ 472 952 000 000 for corn ethanol, according to the source Biorefinery heat (natural gas, corn stalks, or coal) and technology, but only $ 123 208 000 000 for the cellulosic ethanol field prime (pasture biomass, miscanthus, corn stover or switchgrass).
The effectiveness of common crops
As ethanol yields better or different materials first introduced, the production of ethanol can be economically viable in the United States. Currently, research on improving productivity ethanol for each unit of corn is up to biotechnology. In addition, while oil prices remain high, the economic use other raw materials as cellulose, become viable. Byproducts such as straw or wood chips can be processed into ethanol. species rapid growth such as switchgrass can be grown on land unsuitable for other crops and yield high levels of ethanol per unit area.
Crop
Annual output (liters / hectare)
Annual yield (U.S. gal / acre)
savings in greenhouse gas emissions (% Vs. petrol) (1)
Comments
Miscanthus
7300
780
3773
Low-input perennial grass. Ethanol production requires the development of cellulosic technology.
Switchgrass
31007600
330810
3773
Low-input perennial grass. Ethanol production requires the development of cellulosic technology. Breeding efforts underway to increase yields. increase in biomass production is possible with a mixture of perennial grasses.
Poplar
37006000
400640
51100
Rapid tree growth. Ethanol production requires the development of cellulosic technology. Completion of the genome sequencing project will enhance efforts to increase yields.
Sugarcane
68008000
727870
8796
Long-season annual grasses. It is used as feedstock for bioethanol produced in Brazil. The new processing plants burn residues not used for ethanol to produce electricity. only grows than in tropical and subtropical climates.
Sweet sorghum
25007000
270750
No data
Low-input annual grass. Ethanol is possible using the existing production technology. Grows in tropical and temperate climates, but most estimates of ethanol production take several crops per year (only possible in tropical climates). Are not stored well.
Corn
31004000
330424
1020
High-input grasses annuals. It is used as feedstock for most bioethanol produced in the United States. Only cores can be treated using the technology available, the development of commercial cellulosic technology would be used and thatch …