Yale American Politics Workshop

Eli Whitney, Jr.

Biography
Whitney was born in Westborough, Massachusetts, December 8, 1765, the eldest child of Eli Whitney Sr., a prosperous farmer. His mother, Elizabeth Fay of Westborough, died when he was eleven. [Edit] At the age of fourteen, operates a profitable production of nails in the workshop of his father during the Revolutionary War. Because his stepmother against their will to continue college, Whitney worked as a laborer and a teacher to save money. He prepared for Yale at Leicester Academy (now Becker College) and under the tutelage of Rev.Elizur Goodrich of Durham, Connecticut, entered the class of 1789, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1792. Whitney should study law, but short of money, accepted an offer to go to South Carolina as a private tutor. Instead of arriving at their destination, he was convinced to visit Georgia. In the last years of the eighteenth century, Georgia was a magnet for people from New England in search of their fortunes (its Revolutionary era governor had been Lyman Hall, a migrant from Connecticut). When he first sailed for South Carolina, among his companions were the widow and family of the hero of the Revolution General Nathanael Greene of Rhode Island. Mrs. Greene invited Whitney to visit her Georgia plantation, Mulberry Grove. The director of the plantation and her husband went Phineas Miller, another migrant Connecticut and graduated from Yale (class of 1785), would become Whitney's business partner.
Whitney is best known for two innovations that later United States are divided in the middle of the 19th century: the cotton gin Cotton (1793), and his advocacy of interchangeable parts. In the South, the cotton gin revolutionized the way cotton is harvested and reinvigorated slavery. While in the North, the adoption of interchangeable parts revolutionized manufacturing, and over time has contributed greatly to his victory in the Civil War.
Training inventions
interchangeable parts
Article: interchangeable parts
Although Whitney is popularly credited with the invention of a weapon that could be manufactured with interchangeable parts that is earlier idea. The idea is attributed to Jean-Baptiste Vaquette Gribeauval of a gunner French, and credits for finally perfecting arsenal "system" or American system of manufacture, is given by the historian Merritt Roe Smith Captain John Hall and the historian H. Diana Muir writes in Reflections in Bullough Pond Simeon North. In the American system of mass production, the historian David A. Hounshell describes how the idea of spreading Gribeauval of France to the colonies via two routes: the honor through his white friend of Thomas Jefferson, and Major Louis Tousard other French artillery, which played a role in the establishment of West Point, faculty continent young army officer, and the establishment of stockpiles Springfield and Harpers Ferry.
In the late 1790s, Whitney was on the verge of bankruptcy and litigation The cotton gin was left deeply in debt. His factory cotton gin in New Haven had burned to the ground, and litigation sapped his remaining resources. French Revolution had ignited new conflicts between Britain, France and the United States. The new American administration, aware of the need to prepare for war, began to rearm. The War Department issued contracts for the manufacture of 10,000 guns. Whitney, who had never had a gun in his life, won a contract in January 1798 to deliver 10-15000 rifles in 1800. Not interchangeable parts mentioned time. Ten months later, Treasury Secretary Wolcott sent him a brochure on foreign-made weapons techniques, " may honor a blank report after Whitney began to talk of trade. After spending most of 1799-1801 in cotton gin litigation, Whitney began to promote the idea of interchangeable parts, and even organized a public demonstration of the concept in order to save time. He has not fulfilled the contract until 1809 but then spent the rest of his life to promoting the idea interchangeability.
Whitney defenders claimed that he invented the American system of manufacturing – the combination of machinery electrical, interchangeable parts, and the division of labor that the nation is based industrial revolution later. Although there is no convincing evidence did not meet the interchangeability the use of machinery and specialized division of labor are well documented. When the government complained that the price per musket compared unfavorably with Whitney those produced in government armories, Whitney was able to calculate an actual price per musket by including fixed costs such as insurance and machinery, the government had not included. Thus, Early helped both the concept of cost accounting, and the concept of private sector efficiency.
gin
Item: gin
Cotton Gin Patent. He showed slides sawtooth gin, which were not part of the original patent Whitney.
A cotton gin in Eli Whitney Museum display.
The cotton gin was a mechanical device that removes cotton seed, a process that, until then his invention was labor intensive. The word gin is really short for the engine. The cotton gin was a wooden drum stuck with hooks, which pulled the cotton fibers through a mesh. Cottonseed does not fit through the mesh and fell outside. Whitney often told a story in which he meditated an improved method of sowing cotton and is inspired by the observation of a cat attempts to draw a chicken through a fence and could not get through a few feathers.
A gin Cotton could generate up to fifty-five pounds of cotton daily cleaning. This has contributed to economic development in the southern states of the United States a cotton growing area first Some historians believe that this invention allowed the system of slavery of Africans in the southern United States to be more sustainable at a critical point of development.
Whitney received a patent (later numbered as X72) for his ginning of cotton March 14, 1794, but did not validated until 1807. Whitney Miller and his partners have no plans to sell the gins. Rather, as the owners mills and sawmills, they expected to charge farmers for cotton Cleaning – two fifths of the profits, paid in cotton. The resentment of the regime, the mechanical simplicity of the device and the primitive state of the law patents, in violation inevitable. As Whitney and Miller were unable to produce enough gins to meet demand, imitation gins began to spread. In Ultimately, patent infringement litigation used the proceeds of his cotton gin business and closed its doors in 1797. A point often overlooked Eli Whitney is that initial problems with his first design. There is significant evidence that design flaws have been resolved by a woman named Katherine Green, Whitney gave no public credit or recognition.
Although the cotton gin was not making Whitney the fortune he had hoped, they do give the glory and gin transformed cotton farming in the South and the national economy. Southern cotton found the credit markets in Europe and the booming textile mills New England. Cotton agriculture revived the profitability of slavery and Southern political supporters "peculiar institution." In the decade 1820, the dominant themes in American politics has been driven by "King Cotton" political balance between slave and free states and tariff protection for American industry. The cotton exports from the south fired after the appearance of cotton gin (from 180,000 pounds total production of cotton 1793-93000000 tons 1810) [edit] while New England manufacturers struggling to compete against products imported and demanded tariff protection. Interest cotton has led the country into a war with Mexico, hoping for a major expansion of cotton agriculture. Cotton was a staple that could be stored for long periods and transported over long distances, unlike most production agricultural food.
Paradoxically, the cotton gin, a labor-saving device, has helped preserve the arguments weakening of slavery, for cheap (slave) labor needed to harvest cotton. Later, the invention of the twentieth century cotton picker reduces the demand for labor cotton, and unemployment in many poor Southerners.
Milling
Main article: Milling
Machine tool historian Joseph W. Roe credited Eli Whitney invented the router. Subsequent work by other historians (Woodbury, Smith, Muir) suggests that Whitney was among a group of contemporaries all machines developing milling around the same time (1.814 to 1.818). Therefore, no one can be described as the inventor of router.
Last years and legacy
south side Eli Whitney monument in Grove Street Cemetery, New Haven, Connecticut
north side of monument
Despite his humble origins, Whitney was keenly aware of the value of political and social connections. In the construction of its trade in arms, took advantage of access that his status as an alumnus of Yale graduates gave other well located as Secretary of War Oliver Wolcott (Class of 1778) and New Haven developer and political leader James Hillhouse. His marriage to Henrietta Edwards, granddaughter of the famous 1817 evangelist Jonathan Edwards, daughter of Pierpont Edwards, head of the Democratic Party of Connecticut, and first cousin of the president of Yale, Timothy Dwight, leader of the federalist state, more attached to the ruling elite of Connecticut. In a business dependent on government contracts, such connections are essential for success.
Whitney died at Prostate cancer 59 January 8, 1825, in New Haven, CT, leaving a widow and four children. During his illness, he invented and constructed several devices to alleviate their mechanical pain. These devices, which are collected drawings in their roles, have been effective, but have never been manufactured for use by others due to their unwillingness heirs to trade in "rogue" elements.
At his death, his arsenal was the talent of his nephews, Eli Whitney and Philos Blake Blake, inventors and significant manufacturers in their own right (who invented the lock and the stone-crushing machine.)
Eli Whitney Blake (1820-1894) took control of arsenal 1841. Working under contract to the inventor Samuel Colt, the younger Whitney manufactured the famous "Whitneyville Walker Colts" for the Texas Rangers. This successful contract has been saved from financial ruin Colt and allowed him to establish his own famous arms company. Dalliba Whitney married Sarah, daughter of U.S. Army Chief of the ordinance, has helped ensure the continued success of your business.
Whitney Young has organized the Water Company of New Haven, which began operations in 1862. Although Company oriented to the needs of the city for water, it also allowed Whitney to increase the amount power available for its manufacturing operations to the detriment shareholders of the water company. A new dam has consolidated its distribution operationsriginally three sites along the Mill Rivern a single plant. This dam still exists.
Quick-son Whitney, Eli Whitney IV (1847-1924), sold the Whitney Armory to Winchester repeating rifles, other arms company famous New Haven, in 1888. He served as president of the water company until his death and was a large firm in New Haven and civic leader. He played an important role in the development New Haven Ronan-Edgehill Neighborhood.
After closing arsenal, the site of the plant continued to be used for a variety of industrial applications, including the company of water. More original arsenal buildings remained intact until 1960. In the 1970s, as part of the bicentennial celebration, interested citizens organized the Eli Whitney Museum, which opened its doors in 1984. The site now includes a visit and the barn that served as home workers and construction Eli Whitney stone storage arsenal of origin. Museum exhibits and programs are housed in a warehouse built c. 1910. An office building built Corporation Water in the 1880s now houses educational programs operated by the Board of South Central Connecticut Regional Water (which succeeded the Water Company of New Haven).
Eli Whitney and his descendants are buried in the historic street of New Haven Grove Cemetery. Eli Whitney of Yale College Students program, which is one of four gateways to the University of Yale, is appointed by Whitney in recognition of his venerable age, he entered Yale University in 1789, was twenty-three. Eli Whitney is the great grandfather, a great Eli Whitney Debevoise II, the current Executive Director of the United States World Bank Group.
Mr. Whitney was inducted into the Junior Achievement Hall U.S. Business of Fame in 1975.
References
^ ab "elms and magnolias: the 18th century." Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. 16/08/1996. . Retrieved on 19/03/2008.
Abc ^ MIT Inventor of the Week profile of archives. From a website supported and administered by the Lemelson-MIT Program. Retrieved on March 18, 2008.
^ Whose Phi Beta Kappa, Beta Kappa Hello site, accessed October 4, 2009
^ New Georgia Encyclopedia: Eli Whitney in Georgia Accessed March 19, 2008.
^ Hounshell, David A. (1984), the American system of mass production, 1800-1932: Development manufacturing technology in the United States, in Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press, LCCN 83-016269, ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8.
^ Woodbury, Robert S. (1960). "The Legend of Eli Whitney and interchangeable parts." Technology and Culture 1.
^ Eli Whitney Project A website for the draft Eli Whitney
^ The Eli Whitney Museum and Workshop site for the Eli Whitney Museum in Hamden, Connecticut.
^ "A chronicle of the people buried in Grove Street Cemetery. The Friends of Grove Street Cemetery. . Retrieved on 19/03/2008.
Further reading
Battison, Edwin. (1960). "Eli Whitney and the router. Journal of the History of the Smithsonian I.
Carolyn Cooper, and Lindsay, Merrill K. (1980). Eli Whitney and the Whitney Armory.
Whitneyville, CT: Eli Whitney Museum.
Dexter, Franklin B. (1911). "Eli Whitney. Yale Biographies and Annals, 1792-1805. New York, NY: Henry Holt & Company.
Hall, Karyl Lee Kibler, & Cooper, Carolyn. (1984). Windows at work: industry at the site of Eli Whitney, 1798-1979.
Hamden, CT: Eli Whitney Museum
Hounshell, David A. (1984), the American system to mass production, 1800-1932: The development of manufacturing technology in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press, LCCN 83-016269, ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8.
Lakwete, Angela. (2004). The invention of the cotton gin: Machines and Myth in Antebellum America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Smith, Merritt Roe. 1973. "John H. Hall, Simeon North, and milling: Nature Innovation among Antebellum arms manufacturers. "Technology and Culture 14.
Woodbury, Robert S. (1960). "The Legend of Eli Whitney and interchangeable parts." Technology and Culture 1.
Iles, George (1912), The First U.S. inventors, New York: Henry Holt and Company, pp. 75-103, http://www.archive.org/details/leadingamericani00ilesrich
References
The Eli Whitney Museum
Whitney Eli Whitney Biography Research Group
Inventor of the Week: Eli Whitney (MIT)
Entry into the New Georgia Encyclopedia
"Whitney, Eli. Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Personality
NAME
Whitney, Eli
Alternative Names
PRESENTATION
American Inventor
DATE OF BIRTH
December 8, 1765 (12/08/1765)
PLACE OF BIRTH
Westborough, Massachusetts U.S.
DATE OF DEATH
January 8, 1825
PLACE OF DEATH
New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Categories: 1765 births | 1825 deaths theoretical Business | United States | U.S. engineers | American inventors | People in the Grove Street Cemetery cancer deaths | Connecticut | Deaths prostate cancer | English Americans | History of Firearms designers | Textile Industry | Machine Tool Industry | National Inventors Hall of Fame People | People | Connecticut Worcester County, Massachusetts People | industrial revolution Westborough | Massachusetts | Whitney family | Yale University alumniHidden categories: Wikipedia: Semi-protected against vandalism | Wikipedia pages protected without lapse | All Categories | January heels 2009 | Related Articles in September 2008 About the Author

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